شيوه‌نامۀ ارائۀ شاخصي كمّي براي تبيين پيچيدگي روابط ميان پيكره‌هاي انساني و عرصۀ معماري در نگاره‌هاي شاهنامۀ شاه‌طهماسبي

Methodology for Providing a Quantitative Index to Explain the Complexity of the Relationship between Human Figures and the Architecture in the Illustrations of Shāhnāmeh of Shāh Tahmāsebi

ﻧﺴﺨﮥ ﺷﮑﻮﻫﻤﻨﺪ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﮥ ﺷﺎهﻃﻬﻤﺎﺳﺒﯽ در ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ دوم ﺻﻔﻮي )907 ﺗﺎ 938 ق( ﮐﺘﺎﺑـﺖ و ﻣﺼﻮرﺳـﺎزي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن از ﻣﯿﺎن 258 ﻧﮕﺎرة ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در آن، 74 ﻧﮕﺎره ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼـﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﻫـﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ درﺟﺎت ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ از ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎت، ﻋﺮﺻﮥ زﯾﺴﺖ و ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﻮاع ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ از ﭘﯿﮑﺮهﻫﺎ را ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺼـﻮﯾﺮ ﻣـﯽ ﮐﺸﻨﺪ. ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اراﺋﮥ روﺷﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﻤّﯽﮐﺮدنِ ﻣﻘﺪار ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ رواﺑﻂ ﻣﯿﺎن ﭘﯿﮑﺮهﻫﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ و ﻋﺮﺻﮥ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻓﺮﻣﯽ در اﯾـﻦ ﻧﺴـﺨﻪ ﺑـﻮده اﺳـﺖ؛ ﺑـﻪ اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر، ﭘـﺲ از وﺿﻮحﺑﺨﺸـﯿﺪن ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮم »ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ«، ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ آن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﺪاد و ﺗﻨﻮع ﭘﯿﮑﺮهﻫﺎ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﯿﺖ و ﺳﻦ، ﺗﻌـﺪاد اﺟـﺰا و ﻣﺴـﺎﺣﺖ ﻋﺮﺻﮥ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري و ارﺗﺒﺎط و ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﮑﺮهﻫﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺒﯿّﻦ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ »ﭘﯿﭽﯿـﺪﮔﯽ« ﺑـﺮ اﺳﺎس آنﻫﺎ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﮥ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺷﺎﺧﺺ در ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣـﯽدﻫـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻧﮕـﺎرة »ﮐـﺎﺑﻮس ﺿﺤﺎك« داراي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﻌﺎدل 392، ﻧﮕﺎرة »ﺧﺎن ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ اﺳـﻔﻨﺪﯾﺎر« داراي ﮐﻢﺗـﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘـﺪار ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﻌﺎدل 66، و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ 74 درﺻﺪ از ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﮥ ﻣﻘﺪاري ﺑﯿﻦ 124 ﺗﺎ 266 اﺳـﺖ. ﺑﻪدﻧﺒﺎل روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻧﮕﺎرﮔﺮي وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﯾﻦ ﺷـﯿﻮهﻧﺎﻣﻪ راﻫﮑـﺎري ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎ از ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻣﯽ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري را ﭘﯿﺶ ﻣﯽﻧﻬﺪ. ﺑﺎ اراﺋﮥ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﻧﺴﺒﺖﺑﻪ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ و دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎ از ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن اﻗﺪام ﻧﻤﻮد، راهﺣﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻗﯿﺎس آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎﯾﯽ از دﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎ در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر داﺷﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮي از اﯾـﻦ ﻣﯿـﺮاث ﮔﺮانﺑﻬﺎ دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ دادهﻫﺎ از ﻧﻮع ﮐﻤّﯽ و ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤـﺎظ ﻫـﺪف، ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮدي اﺳـﺖ و ﮔﺮدآوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﺎ روش ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.

The glorious version of Shāhnāmeh of Shāh Tahmāsebi was written and illustrated in the Second Tabriz Safavid School (907-938 AH). According to the authors' research, out of 258 paintings in it, 74 have illustrated buildings that depict different areas of life, living spaces and interactions with different degrees of detail. The purpose of this study was to provide a way to quantify the complexity of the relationship between human figures and the architectural realm in terms of form in this version; For this purpose, after clarifying the concept of "complexity", the factors affecting it, including the number and variety of human figures in terms of gender and age, the number of components and area of the architectural realm and their relationship and interaction with the figures were considered and the function of the index "Complexity" was presented based on them. Calculating the value of the index in the drawings of this version, shows that the painting "Nightmare of Zahhāk" has the highest amount of complexity equal to 392, the painting "Isfandiyār’s Seven Labours" has the lowest value of 66, and the complexity index of 74% of the drawings is between 124 and 266. Following the approaches that have existed so far to understand the art of Persian painting, this method offers a new way to examine the drawings from a formal and structural point of view. By providing such indicators, it is possible to evaluate and categorize the paintings from various aspects, have a suitable solution for selecting, studying, as well as comparing them with paintings from other versions, and gain a better understanding of this precious heritage. This research is quantitative in terms of the nature of the data and is applied in terms of purpose, and data collection has been done by library method.