بررسي مقولۀ «مرگ پيش از مرگ» از ديدگاه عطار

Examining the case of "death before death" from Attar's point of view

محقّقان اهل شريعت، همواره متأثّر از تعاليم ديني و وحياني، با تعمّق در موضوع مرگ و تفكّر در اسرار و زواياي آن، به كاوش‌هاي عميق و دامنه‌دار در اين موضوع پرداخته‌اند؛ امّا فراتر از مرگ اجباري يا اضطراري، مرگ ارادي هست كه به خواست عارف حادث مي‌شود و در قاموس عرفا انواعي دارد كه از آن جمله است: «موت ابيض» يا تحمّل گرسنگي، «موت اسود» يا تحمّل آزار خلق، «موت اخضر» يا قناعت و مرقّع‌پوشي صوفيانه، «موت احمر» يا تسلّط بر نفس. نوع اخير را «مرگ مكرّر»، «مرگ قبل از مرگ» و «مرگ اختياري» هم تعبير كرده‌اند. عطار كه از توصيه‌كنندگان به «مرگ ارادي» بوده، همواره در آثار ادبي و عرفاني تأكيد داشته كه بهتر است آن‌هايي كه ياراي گريز و ستيز با مرگ را ندارند، با رياضت و تهذيب نفس، براي تحقّق «مرگ ارادي» بكوشند. اين پژوهش به روش تحليلي- توصيفي و با پژوهش كتابخانه‌اي راه‌هاي وصول به آن را در آثار عطار بررسي كرده و شواهدي متقن را با استناد به اشعار و اقوال وي نشان داده است. نتيجۀ تحقيق نشان مي­دهد كه عطار عميقاً باور دارد براي سعادتمندي واقعي، بايد با اراده و آگاهي و در پرتو دردخواهي، هوشياري و رياضت، از قيد هستي اعتباري رهيد تا به معشوق حقيقي رسيد.

Mortality is a fundamental human concern and does not apply to followers of a particular religion. Scholars of the Shari'a have always conducted extensive research on the subject of death, its secrets and hidden angles. But beyond forced or inevitable death, it is a voluntary death that happens at the will of the mystic. an‎d in the cult of mystics, it has been interpreted as: "death of abyaz" or enduring hunger: "death of aswad" (enduring the persecution of the people), "death of akhzar" or contentment and Sufism: "death of ahmar" or self-control. It has also been interpreted as "repeated death," "death before death," and "voluntary death", "death after death". The great Persian poet, Attar, who was one of the advocates of "voluntary death", has always emphasized in his literary and mystical works that it is better for those who are unable to escape and fight with death to try to achieve "voluntary death" with austerity and self-purification. This belief is inspired by many Quranic verses and hadiths that the author has studied in an analytical-descriptive way and through consulting libraries sources and the ways used for detecting it in Attar's works. Strong evidence, in this regard, has been found in Attar's poems and sayings. The results of the study showed that Attar deeply believes that for true happiness, one must move with will and awareness, and in the light of awareness and austerity, one must save themselves from the shackles of existence meaning to reach their true beloved, God.