بررسي جايگاه وحدت وجود در ميان عارفان و اديبان اسلامي و علت مخالفت فقها و متكلمان با آن

A Study of the position of unity of existence among Islamic religious mystics and the reason for the opposition of jurists and theologians to this theory

وحدت وجود محوري­ترين مبحث در تفكر عرفاني و يكي از مسائل پرمناقشه و جنجالي درتاريخ فلسفه و عرفان اسلامي و حتي در ميان محققان غربي به­شمار مي­رود. تقريبا همه مباحث ديگر در عرفان به نحوي به همين مسئله بازمي­گردد. وحدت وجود يك تفكر است اما وحدت شهود يك تجربه شخصي است كه مي­تواند راه را براي فهم وحدت وجود هموارتر نمايد. مسئله توحيد آن گونه كه عارفان به آن پرداخته اند از مسائل پيچيده و دشواري است كه فكر عالمان از اهل كلام و جدل بدان نرسيده، لذا به انكار و حتي به تكفير پيروان آن پرداخته اند. در اين مقاله بعد از پرداختن به مفاهيم وحدت وجود و شهود و ارائه طرحي اجمالي از وحدت شخصيه، سه برداشت غلط از اين نظريه مطرح گرديده؛ در ادامه سعي شده با تقرير صحيح عرفاني اين نظريه از طريق فلسفه صدرايي و حيثيات سه گانه و با طرح علت مخالفت فقهاء و متكلمان با آن، ديدگاه صحيح و قابل فهمي از اين نظريه ارائه شود.

The unity of existence is the most central topic in the mystical thought of the great Islamic mystics and one of the most controversial issues in the history of Islamic philosophy and mysticism even among Western researchers. Almost all other issues of mysticism are related to this issue in some way. The unity of existence is a thought, but the unity of intuition is a personal experience that can pave the way to understanding the unity of existence. The issue of monotheism as addressed by mystic thinkers is so complex and hard to cope with that scientists from philosophy and Kalam have failed to grasp it. Therefore, they have denied and even excommunicated its followers. In this article, after dealing with the concepts of the unity of existence and intuition and presenting a brief outline of the unity of personality, three wrong conceptions of this theory have been presented. In the following, an attempt has been made to present a correct and understandable view of this theory by presenting the correct mystical interpretation of it with reference Sadra's philosophy and the three virtues, and by clarifying the reasons why jurists and theologians oppose it.