بررسي تعامل و تقابل بين دو حوزه قرايت و كتابت قرآن از عصر نزول تا تسبيع قراءات

A Survey of the Interaction and Encounter between the two Realms of Reading and Writing of the Qurʹan from the Time of Revelation until the Development of the Seven Readings

The research studies suggest that the companions (sahaba) of the Prophet have strongly attempted to learn, read, teach how to read, and to write down the Qurʹanic verses and phrases. However, the drawbacks and shortcomings existing in the Arabic handwriting of that era as well as the differences that had occurred in the reading of some Qurʹanic phrases, has given rise to two major questions for the Qurʹan researchers. First, did the difference of readings occur under the influence of the orthography of the Qurʹan? Second, are various readings and the orthography of the Qurʹan subject to scriptural ruling (tawfiqi) or to the individual reasoning (ijtahadi)? In this research, with a study of the historical documents and reports as well as the Qurʹanic evidences within four historical periods that led to the formulation of the "seven readings" - i.e., the Revelation era, the beginning of the Islamic Caliphate, the period of integrated copies of the Qurʹan, and the "development of the seven readings" (tasbi al-qiraʹat) - we have attempted to review and analyze the manner of interaction and contrast between the readings and the orthography of the Qurʹan. In the end, we have concluded that various readings and the orthography of the Qurʹan had resulted from the personal reasoning (ijtaiad) of the readers (qaris) and human beings rather than revealed by Allah.