اصلاحات مديريت شهري در كشورهاي اروپايي

The Reforms of Urban Management in European Countries

The Political and Administrative Reforms have Progressed at European Union Level, National Level, and Subnational Level in throughout of Europe. Political Reform Plans are Based on Political Participation, Election of local Officials by Citizens, and Referendum. Administrative Reforms are Based on Efficiency, Effectiveness, Accountability and Good Governance. this Paper Explans Political and Administrative Reform Plans in Municipalities and other Local Organizations in Germany, Holland, and Swiss Countries.