جبر و اختيار در انديشه اسپينوزآ

Determinism and Freedom in Spinozaʹs system of Thought

The distinction between the realm of substance and that of attributes is represented in Spinozaʹs ethics by means of a method known as dialectic. The most outstanding characteristic of this method is that it investigates various opposing aspects of an issue in relation to each other. Therefore, in a ethics, determinism is studied in terms of its relation to freedom. Although the subject of this article revolves around the relationship between determinism and freedom, it goes without saying that spinoza studies such concepts as infinity, finitude, individual, society, part and whole in the same way.