دوديدي و چند آوايي : حافظ و افقهاي فرهنگي گوته و بايرون

Bifocality and Polyphony: Hafiz vs. Goethe and Byronʹs Cultural Horizons

In the Romantic period, substantial changes occurred in representational arts and narratology. Bakhtin refers to these changes as the "carnival spirit", and one of the causes of the democratization of art. This article looks at Goethe and Byron and the bifocal and polyphonous influence of Hafizʹs poetry on their thought. It is then argued that the efforts made by these writers to learn about other cultures and literatures are one of the main sources of the "carnival spirit". Also, by making reference to their writings and journeys, which acquainted them with new horizons, an effort is made to analyze the nature of the key concepts, bifocality and polyphony, as the main causes of the democratization of art and the merging of literary styles and genres in England and Germany in the late 18th and early 14th century. Next, the possible influence of Byron on Goethe in cross-cultural dialog is discussed.