خاستگاه مساله تشكيك وجود

The Origin of the Doctrine of Gradation of Being (tashkik al-wujud)

He purpose of this study is to examine the origin of the doctrine of Gradation of Being (taslikik al-wujud). This problem can be related to the universal doctrine of the great chain of being found in various metaphysical systems both ancient and medieval and particularly Neoplotanian traditions. But these all do not acquire the doctrine of Gradation of Being and a question remains unresponded: "why does this doctrine as a problem rise up to Islamic metaphysics?" In other words "what is the origin of the problem of Gradation of Being? My contention is that this problem has a metaphysical origin which is completely related to Islamic philosophy. This doctrine originated when the concept of God came into the philosophy as an ontological meaning. According to this view, Being divided into two divisions: the necessary (wajid) and the contingent ʹmo,nkin). This provides a certain challenge to religious doctrine tawhid so philosophers introduce the doctrine of Gradation of Being to solve it. In the light of this, we can examine ontological systems of Aristotle and Avicenna (Ibn Sina) and to investigate Molla Sadraʹs approach in this regard.