بررسي انتقادات اخلاقي - اجتماعي د ر غزليات حافظ شيرازي

The Study of Socio-Ethical Criticism in Hafezʹs Poetry

At the time of Mongolʹs invasion, the Caliph of Baghdad and King of Kharazrn were so occupied with their plan for development of political power that hardly noticed Mongolʹs invasion and were overthrown later on by them which eventually culminated in the obliteration of a substantial part of Islamic civilization. The Mongolʹs extorted peopleʹs properties, raped women and lived lecherous lives. They put heavy tax on people and established the system of serfdom, sharing with ministers, chiefs, jurists and wealthy people. In such a context, poverty and destitution were both important factors in spreading hypocrisy, greed and immorality. However, such a condition lasted relentlessly till the advent of feudalism so that lechery, hypocrisy and darkness permeated the entire community. Shiraz once ruled by al-e-Injoo and al-e Mozafar and also once under the reign of Teimour was not immune to such anarchy and state of chaos. By the same token, Hafez who was born and grew up in Shiraz witnessed such insecurity, hypocrisy, crime and disorder. He was deeply touched by that condition and felt sick at heart. He was discontent with the condition, but did not put the blame on the ordinary people. Instead, he put the blame on the socio- political leaders and those who were in charge of religious, cultural and social institutions, particularly the kings, judges, mystics and jurists. He knew that such basic principles of Islamic-Iranian culture as order, freedom and security were at stake whose cause he attributed to ambitious kings, greedy and hypocrite clergies and injustice of judges, Such an instability of governments brought him a forward-looking perspective and made him more far-sighted. His natural tendency to freedom and the mood of slyness (rendi) provoked him to criticize social behavior and values of the above social classes such as hypocrisy, infidelity, betrayal, breach of promise, faultfinding, etc, which is the main concern of the present paper.