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Femaleʹs Sport Participation Constraints and Their Relationship with Motivation

This study aimed to investigate the influence of constraint dimensions on motivation. The self-determination theory and the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were used as the theoretical framework. Two hundred and fourteen (N=214) adult individuals (residents of the city of Isfahan), who reported participation in some type of sport and physical activity, completed the Sport Motivation Scale and the leisure constraints questionnaire. For investigating relationship between constraints and motivation, a multiple regression analysis was performed with motivation dimensions (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation) as the dependent variable and the seven constraint dimensions as the independent variables. The relationship between motivation dimensions (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation) and Frequency of Participation, investigated with multiple analysis of variance. The results indicated that individual/psychological and accessibility constraints accounted for 21% of the variance in amotivation. Lack of interest, lack of knowledge, accessibility constraints accounted for 17% of the variance in extrinsic motivation. Lack of interest accounted for 12% of the variance in intrinsic motivation. These results suggest that intrapersonal constraints influenced motivation. They support elements of the hierarchical model of leisure constraints, and further clarify the role of motivation in the model. Finally, they suggest that future research should focus on the conceptualization of intrapersonal constraints, and their relations with other social and psychological mediators of motivation that have been proposed in the literature.