بازتاب جايگاه زن در نقوش سفالينه هاي ايلخاني

Reflection of Womenʹs Rank upon the Patterns on IL- Khanid Ceramics

Progressing of conquered Mongols in the early 13th Century had some important achievements, The wide Mongol invasion, being followed by the establishment of united government, descending of religious Abbasid rule, lack of religious prejudice, and Mongolʹs interest in enliven their own traditions unlike accepting Islam, and settling in Iran caused II-Khanid artists became interested in and enthusiastic to the female figurine on ceramics as an element of ornamentation. It could be considered that the present remains of ll-Khanid patterned ceramics prove Mongolian rulersʹ outlook to the women. By coming Islam to Iran, women were in marginal and didnʹt take part in social activities; in one hand, they always were housekeepers. Also, they never took part in political issues and activities of the country in different periods. The interesting matter that could be considered in Mongol period is that unlike being barbarian women were interested in culture, art of civilized nations, and their own customs. They asked artists to introduce them their native and cultural significances. Mongolsʹ women were born and brought up in difficult climate and in such condition they make their social life. Living in mountainous region makes them harsh, sever, enemy of civilization, and invader. The climate effects their physical figure and face. Accompanying the rulers of Mongol, and being the most interested people in art works, women tried to courage the artists to paint whatever was familiar to the Mongols. Considering the Mongolsʹ interest, being driven from their origin, artists painted natural elements of their primitive vision on the art works and calligraphies. Not only women were so responsible and capable of doing domestic tasks but also their men could trust and rely on them. Some of the tasks that had been done by Mongolsʹ women are as follows: being housekeeper, having the security duties of weapons, being great horse riders, and being shepherds. Of course, it should be said that they could do many jobs. Having a girl child was omen and the family became happy since her marriage made their relations stronger with other tribes. Girls were respected among Mongols and they seated in front of the chariot when they wanted to move. Respecting women was obvious in their religion since they never forced them to accept especial religion and women had freedom of choosing religion. One of the most considering issues is equality between men and women at that time. All their capabilities gave them rank among the men and this caused being respected. Considering Iranian Muslimsʹ believes about Hijab, having female pictures on llkhanid potteries, is sign of invadersʹ attitudes, being open minded in religion and authoritative politician; therefore, there are female picture in miniatures and potteries and this show Mongolsʹ outlooks to women and their ranks in the society. According to the studies being done on womenʹs rank in Mongol period, emphasizing on womenʹs reverence in Mongolʹs viewpoint and society, and II-Khanid available ceramics, the writer try to reflect womenʹs rank and position in ll-Khanid period under light of patterns on ceramics.