تفكر مدرن در شكل گيري مجسمه هاي رنگين الكساندر كالدر ( نيمه ي دوم قرن بيستم )

Modern Thought and the Development of the Colored Sculpture of Alexander Calder (2nd Half of the 20th Century)

In the second half of the 20th century, art, especially sculpture, has undergone significant changes. The appearance of color in sculpture is an important development that is rooted in the fundamental changes of modernism and modernity. Calderʹs stationary and mobile sculptures that are composed of colored plates are an outstanding example of the products of this century and are themselves among the starting points of subsequent developments in modern art. The most significant factors in shaping the works of Calder are as follows: -The industrial revolution whose most significant characteristic was the use of machinery, progress in tools and the growth of factories. The development of new materials enabled the artist to be able to actualize new ideas. -Intellectual developments whose root was in the Enlightenment of the 18th century. Among the most important of these developments were; giving importance to the subjective point of view and the removal of any profit motive or commercial value from art. This point of view later led to the developments of notions such as the ideal of art for art, autonomy and originality in modern art. The introduction of different scientific theories including the quantum theory, relativity and the uncertainty principle by scientists such as Planck, Einstein and Heisenberg are among the other developments of the 20th century that have greatly influenced the art of the century. Alexander Calder, influenced by the unseen reality of his time, i.e. dynamism and continuous change, confronts his audience with an avalanche of varying images. -The increase of urban spaces and the construction of new transportation routes have also been very influential upon modern art, especially upon sculpture that is in part directly related to urban spaces. Subjectivism in the form of the abstract sculptures of Calder is among the most important achievements of 20th century art and color has had an important role in this progress. Calder is considered one of the founders of colored sculpture in urban spaces because his use of extensive colored surfaces or creating motion amongst colored spots hanging in space. His stationary pieces use the combination of color with different amounts of light and shadow in different angles of incipient light and the movement of the spectator around the piece and give different though concurrent versions of a single color. This is more complicated in the mobile works. The movement of the constituents of the piece confronts the spectator with a set of varied images. The introduction of color to the sculpture of the 20th century has caused extensive developments in the fields of colored sculpture and light sculpture. These sculptures have attracted a large spectrum of spectators in the 20th century by creating pure and effective environments. Color and space are two elements that have a rich history in our own culture and art, especially in our architecture. Thus, with the use of these two key elements and with a deep review of our artistic heritage, we must strive to achieve a significant and deserved place in the development of current art.