تحريري نو بر مفهوم جبر و اختيار از نظر شيعه

Revisiting the "Compulsion and Delegation" Debate from a Shiʹite Viewpoint

In this paper, the author explains the true meaning of free will and its significance for morality, the knowledge of the self as well as mysticism, according to the Qurʹan and hadith. She argues that free will give rise to responsibility, but as such it cannot be valuable, as it may lead to1TAA - /-v- - / 2 6 -- -/-/ / J -w / t-Za5J-• - -c -0 2 V 2 encouraged them to use the title of shah, indicating their independence. In the famous Buxar battle, nawab Shojaʹ ud-Dowla, the Awad ruler, trying to help Mir Qasim, the former ruler of Bengal, fought the British East India Company, which spearheaded British colonialism. His defeat led to the Benares treaty, in 1765, which provided the British with many concessions. They were allowed to have a representative at the Awad court, who had a significant role in encouraging Awadʹs high ranking officials to work for the British. In the early nineteenth century, the Awad state, which was very important for the Shiʹa in India, became a British protectorate. Eventually, in 1857, Awad was annexed by the British, and became part of British India.