روش هاي نوين جايگزين نماتدكش هاي شيميايي براي كنترل نماتدهاي انگل گياهي و دستيابي به كشاورزي پايدار

Alternative Modern Methods of Chemical Nematicides to Control Plant Parasitic Nematodes: Towards Sustainable Agriculture

P lant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are soil inhabiting pathogens that economically impact most of cultivated crops. Due to the rapid growth in world population and their need for food, control of these groups of soil-borne pathogens is necessary to improve the host plant development and the increase of crops yield. During the last few decades, the control methods have been based on the use of fumigant and non-fumigant nematicides, that these chemicals may raise environmental concerns. Furthermore, the limiting factors of these chemicals are their high cost and very high rates of application. Modern techniques (genomic and molecular approaches) for producing transgenic plants will improve the efficiency of the control process and will help resolve some of the environmental and health concerns. The identification and new information concerning host resistant genes and nematode pathogenesis genes are useful in producing resistant cultivars and sustainable agriculture. In this review, some of alternatives to nematicides for effective control of these pathogens and avoiding harmful environmental effects are elaborated. The opportunities provided by the modern technology to equip the cultivated plants with defense