معناشناسي حسن و قبح از ديدگاه عالمان مسلمان

Meanings of ʹGoodʹ and ʹBadʹ from the Muslim Philosophersʹ Viewpoint

The issue of good and bad has been one of the most important issues which has attracted the attention of scholars. The theologians called Adlieh insist on the essentiality and rationality of moral goodness and badness of the rational individualʹs actions. On the contrary Ashaere insist on the divinity and legitimacy of such actions. The central question is what Muslim theologians meant by the words ʹgoodʹ, ʹbadʹ; ʹessentialityʹ, ʹrationalityʹ; and divinity, legitimacy. In this present article, four distinct meanings are attributed to ʹGoodʹ and ʹbadʹ and it is demonstrated that the disagreement between the Muslim Philosophers can be traced to the fourth meaning. Therefore, considering the domain of reality (ontology) together with the domain of knowledge (epistemology) the following four probabilities are discussed for the fourth meaning. A) ʹGoodʹ and ʹBadʹ are ontologically based on divine will and they will be known by revelation. B) ʹGoodʹ and ʹBadʹ are ontologically essentials of the actions and they will be known by revelation. C) ʹGoodʹ and ʹBadʹ are ontologically based on divine will and they will be known by independent reason. D) ʹGoodʹ and ʹBadʹ are ontologically essentials of the actions and will be known by independent reason. Ashaereh support the first option but Adlieh support one of the three other options.