بررسي ايمني زمينهاي بازي كودكان در پارك‌ها با رهيافت برنامه‌‌ريزي محيطي

بررسي ايمني زمينهاي بازي كودكان در پارك‌ها با رهيافت برنامه‌‌ريزي محيطي

با افزايش جمعيت، مشكلات ايمني شهري نيز افزايش يافته و به تبع آن سلامت شهروندان و بويژه كودكان تهديد مي‌شود. در اين بررسي توصيفي و مروري، مطالعه ايمني و سلامت در زمينهاي بازي كودكان در فضاهاي شهري مورد بررسي و توجه قرار گرفته است. با استفاده از بانك اطلاعاتيPub Med ،183 مقاله ده ساله اخير جمع‌آوري، كه پس از اعمال محدوديت‌هايي در غربالگري،10 مقاله براي مطالعة دقيق متن كامل گزينش شدند. مقالات بررسي شده بر لزوم اعمال ملاحظات ايمني و بهداشتي در امور برنامه‌ريزي محيط‌هاي شهري بخصوص براي زمينهاي بازي كودكان تأكيد دارد. در اين دسته از مقالات مرور شده، افتادن يكي از حوادث شايع منجر به شكستگي اندام در حين بازي در زمينهاي بازي، معرفي شده است. شيوع اين نوع آسيب 12 تا 24 مورد در هر هزار كودك گزارش شده كه بيشتر در گروه سني 5 تا 12 سال اتفاق افتاده است. بررسي نتايج مقالات مزبور حاكي از اين است كه اكثر حوادث در زمينهاي‌بازي در بين ساعات 15 تا 21 رخ مي‌دهند. در هيچ كدام از مقالات مورد بررسي، روشي خاص براي ارزيابي و ارزشيابي ايمني زمينهاي‌بازي كودكان در پارك‌ها، معرفي نشده، بجز يك مورد كه در آن روش .S.A.F.E پيشنهاد شده است. در اين مقاله سعي شده است با تأكيد بر لزوم مميزي ايمني در پارك‌ها، برنامه‌ريزي محيطي براي پيشگيري از بروز صدمات و آسيب‌هاي ناشي از بازي در پارك‌ها مورد توجه قرا گيرد. تلفيق مهندسي ايمني با برنامه‌ريزي و طراحي محيطي نيز ضروري است؛ كه در اين راستا توصيه مي‌شود حداقل سه حوزه كودك، تجهيزات بازي و محيط، مورد بررسي و توجه قرار گيرند.

Environmental impacts, pollutants, occupational stresses, population density, and health and safety problems are side effects of rapid urbanization. These problems threaten human being, especially children as the prominent vulnerable group in every human settlement. In this article playground as one of the main urban spaces has been emphasized. Safety ignorance can affect on community in both of social and economic concepts, so safety community and healthy city approaches are considered by some of the world organizations such WHO and UN-Habitat, and NGOs. The study aims to assess the urban playgrounds in terms of safety and urban planning with emphasis on kids playing in open spaces. In this article, playgrounds were studied in terms kids’ safety and urban planning. Data gathering included two methods, descriptive and review study. In the first study type, some related sources such as published papers, websites and gray literatures were studied, and in the review, Pub Med was used as the database for related articled gathering. In this part of research, 10 articles out of 183 preliminary articles were accessed, in details. The results showed playgrounds accidents and injuries threaten children. Some main incidences such as fall and related fractures were known as usual incidence for children. Also, the prevalence of fractures is about 12-24 case/1000 among child who mostly are 5-12 year old group. The reviewed papers and related literatures show the essential of safety promotion plans in urban planning activities in field of open spaced design, especially for urban playgrounds. There are some high risk tools and equipment in playgrounds. There is significance difference between playing hours in terms of accident occurrence in which 15-21 hours are more risky, as well. The majority of assessed documents and articles have not introduced any effective plan in terms of health and safety promotion for playgrounds, except one of them in which S.A.F.E method has been recommended. For introducing practical environmental planning for playgrounds safety, some proper safety assessments and audits should be happened. Integration between open spaces planning and safety engineering approaches should be done, in both of municipalities and related educational centers. Also, some plans for detailed safety audits are necessary among the playgrounds. For introducing an effective safety plan for playgrounds, at least three areas of ‘Equipment, Environment, Children’ should be audited and assessed, periodically.