مقايسه تطبيقي نظرات غزالي و كانت در شناخت مابعدالطبيعه

A Comparative Study of al-Ghazzaliʹs and Kantʹs Ideas on the Cognition of Metaphysics

بين نظرات غزالى و كانت در شناخت مابعدالطبيعه اشتراكات و اختلافاتى وجود دارد. غزالى هفت قرن پيش از كانت در نقد فلسفه كتاب نوشت. هر دو در فكر احياى دين بوده‏اند؛ اما غزالى در انديشه احياى جامعيت و كمال غيرسكولاريستى اسلام، و كانت در فكر انديشه سكولاريستى و اومانيستى و خردگرايى پروتستان بود. از جمله نقدهاى وارده به نظر غزالى اين است كه بين نظرات او انسجام چندانى وجود ندارد. از يك‏سو، به تكفير كسانى پرداخت كه در آثارش عين دلايل و براهين فلسفى آنها را در مسائل مابعدالطبيعه آورده است و از سوى ديگر، آنچه كه در جمع ميان استدلال برهانى و مشاهده باطنى آورده، در مقايسه با اسلوب استوار ملّاصدرا خام و ناپخته است. به علاوه، مسائلى را كه وى در انديشه و آثار حكما باطل دانسته، در واقع، باطل نبوده و صرفا براى جانبدارى از آموزه‏هاى اشعريت و تصوف رد شده است. وى نتوانست شكاف نومن و فنومن را با مبانى خود توجيه كند. قانون اخلاق عملى او متأثر از مذهب پروتستان و مستقل از دين و انتزاعى و خيال پردازانه است. اخلاق بدون دين، كه از سوى او تجويز شده، ناقص و معيوب است. اين استدلال او باطل است كه تصور تكليف بدون تصور خدا در انسان‏ها وجود دارد. نقدهاى او بر ادلّه عقلى اثبات مسائل مابعدالطبيعه نيز جانبدارانه و غيرمنطقى است. اين مقاله با روش اسنادى به بررسى موضوع مزبور مى‏پردازد.

There are some similarities and differences between al-Ghazzali and kant on the cognition of metaphysics. Seven centuries before kant developed his philosophy, al-Ghazzali had written Critiques on Philosophy. However, both Philosophy have thought of reviving religion, though al- Ghazzali thought of reviving a comprehersive non-secularist Islamic thought and kant thought of a secularist, humanistic, and rational Protestant thought. Of Criticism raised against al-Ghazzaliʹs system of thought, one is the thre is less or no coherence and consistency in his ideas. On the one hand, he accused some thinkers whose Philosophical arguments have been used by him in metaphysical subjects. On the other hand, What he has incorporated into his system of thought as the combination of discursive arguments and inner intuitions is crude when compared with what Mulla Sadra incorporated in his philosophical system which was taken to be on firm foundations and methods. Moreover, what al-Ghazzali refuted in thoughts and works of the early philosophers was nto, in fact, wrong, but refuted in favor of Ashʹari and Sufiʹs teachings. Kant did not succeed to justify the breach between noumenon and phenomenon on the basis of his own philosophical system. His practical moral code was influenced by the Protestant teachings, independent from religion, abstract and imaginative in nature. The ethics be proposed was deficient and had no relationship with religion. His argument that one can assume obligation without taking God into consideration is flase. His Critiques of rational proofs of metaphysical matters are biased and illogical. The article has dealt with the subject in question drawing upon a documentary method. Key words: al-Ghazzali, Kant, Philosophy, Comparative Study, religion.