پديد آورندگان :
يگانه كيا، زينب نويسنده كارشناسي ارشد برنامه‌ريزي محيط زيست Yeganeh keya, zeynab , فريادي، شهرزاد نويسنده استاديار برنامه‌ريزي محيط زيست Faryadi, shahrzad , ياوري، احمدرضا نويسنده دانشيار برنامه‌ريزي محيط زيست Yavari, ahmadreza
كليدواژه :
اصول و قواعد محيط زيستي , تحليل مقايسه اي , برنامه‌ريزي فضايي , كاربري‌هاي شهري , طرحهاي جامع
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Surveys on the quality of living in 215 cities around the world shows that major cities such as Vancouver in Canada, Honolulu in the United States and London in the Great Britain, ranking respectively 4, 28 and 38 are amongst the worldʹs top 50 cities, while Tehran ranks 178. On the other hand, in 2001 and 2009, the urban environmental quality index of Tehran was respectively evaluated 53.3 and 59.5 percent of the desired quality, respectively. The results of these studies show that the cities of Iran, particularly Tehran has lower urban environmental quality compared to many major cities of the world, despite passing several decades since municipal plans have been formulated for the cities of Iran. Nowadays in pioneer countries in the field of planning such as Canada, land use planning is being revised by applying guidelines containing a set of environmental principles for the distribution of land uses. Therefore, it seems that one of the most important reasons for the urban environmental quality deficiency of Iranʹs cities is insufficiency and inapplicability of the environmental principles for the distribution of urban land uses.
Considering these issues, the main query of the present research is to find out the environmental principles proper for the distribution of urban land for sustainable planning of Iranʹs cities. The main aim of this investigation is to conduct a comparative analysis of environmental principlesʹ sufficiency and applicability for the distribution of urban land uses in Iran and in the United States, the Great Britain and Canada as developed countries.
Materials and Methods
This instigation aims to compare environmental principles used for formulating urban land use plans of Iranian communities with the homogenous principles used in pioneering countries, in order to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of urban land use plans of Iranian communities based on investigating the sufficiency and applicability of environmental principles. Thus, the main method of this research is the comparative analysis of documentary researches.
E-mail: kimiyayeganeh@yahoo.com
First, the plans and programs of the spatial planning systems of the studied countries were examined to determine the position of environmental principles in the distribution of urban land uses in the hierarchical network of plans and programs. In the next step, plans and programs of the spatial planning systems in the studied countries were classified into three categories (national, regional and local) according to their contents and environmental principles applied for land uses allocation. Considering the aim of the research (extracting environmental principles for the distribution of urban land uses), it was expected that the above-mentioned principles are largely concentrated in the first level of local plans (community plans) of the spatial planning systems of studied countries.
Corresponding author: Tel: 09125480792
The contents of environmental principles for urban land use allocations, applied in plans and programs of urban land use planning, were extracted from community plans of the spatial planning systems of the studied countries, then compared and analyzed based on formulas 1 and 2 displayed below.
1) AuBuC = F
A: environmental principles for urban land use distribution, applied in Communitywide Land Use Design Plans (America)
B: environmental principles for urban land use distribution, applied in Unitary Development Plans (Britain)
C: environmental principles for urban land use distribution, applied in Community Plans (Canada)
2) Ful = S
F: the union of A, B and C
I: environmental principles for urban land use distribution, applied in Community Plans (Iran) S : the union of F and I (a combined set of the above-mentioned principles of the four studied countries) The aim of formulating "set S" was to make a comparison of the advantages, disadvantages and the compatibility of the members of the "set F and I" trough the correlation test. In order to test the applicability of the existing principles of urban land use planning of Iran, for conserving and improving the quality of urban environment, the relevant principles were extracted in the form of "set t" (subset of the set I) from one of the most recent local plans of urban land use planning in Tehran namely "Region 5ʹs Municipality of Tehran Area Plan".
Discussion of results
Environmental principles applied for land use planning of Iranʹs cities were compared to the homogenous principles applied in the spatial planning of the cities of the United States, the Great Britain and Canada. The aim of this comparison was to analyze the sufficiency and applicability of environmental principles for urban land use distribution in Iran with the homogenous principles employed in the studied countries. A comparison of set F with set I in the form of a matrix containes the adherence of the members of set I to the homogenous members of set F and the analysis of this connection using codes "W" and "S" which mean weak and strong adherences, respectively. The comparison of the members of sets F and I shows that the environmental principles extracted from Community Plan of Tehran are too general and do not determine the quantitative measures which are applicable in the relevant scale. However, at the same time the generality of the environmental principles employed by urban land use planning in Iran adhere to the homogenous principles applied in the developed studied countries from conceptual aspect, this was the basis of accepting the compatibility between the environmental principles for urban land use distribution applied in Iran with other case studies of this research.
Regarding these findings, the unification of the two above-mentioned sets, "F and I", was done. The environmental principles of both foreign and Iranian sets, which were compatible from conceptual point of view, were arranged in one unified set named "set S". Thus, it is possible to apply the compliant set of the proposed environmental principles (set S) to urban land use planning of the Iranʹs cities. In the process of formulating this compliant set, it was attempted to solve the inapplicability and also take the principles which had not been considered in the Community Plan of Tehran into account, by applying policies and practices of foreign studied countries.
Environmental principles proposed for land use planning of Iranʹs cities (set S) were compared to the homogenous principles applied in the Region 5 Municipality of Tehran Area Plan (set t) in order to assess the compatibility of set t with set S. In other words, the aim of the above-mentioned comparison is to determine how much set t is expected as a recent practical example of environmental principles in the hierarchical network of principles in Iran, to be in conformity with the universally most recent environmental principles (considering set t is formulated to address issues and opportunities in the Region 5 Municipality of Tehran beyond what was covered in the general Community Plan of Tehran). A comparison of the sets of S and t in the form of a matrix includes the adherence of the members of the set t to the homogenous members of the set S and the analysis of this connection
