تاثير متغيرهاي فردي و اقتصادي زنان روستايي بر مشاركت آنان در تعاوني توليد(مطالعه موردي: تعاوني توپ سازي شهرستان پاوه و اورامانات)

اكثر نظريه‌پردازان توسعه معتقدند كه منابع انساني هر جامعه‌اي عامل تعيين‌كننده خصوصيت و روند توسعه اجتماعي و اقتصادي آن جامعه است و زنان به عنوان نيمي از جمعيت انساني نه تنها موضوع و هدف هر نوع برنامه توسعه‌اي هستند، بلكه عامل پيشبرد اهداف توسعه اقتصادي و اجتماعي جامعه نيز به شمار مي‌آيند. در اين زمينه مشاركت زنان روستايي در امور زندگي‌شان، به ويژه در فعاليت هاي جمعي مانند تعاوني هاي توليدي با هدف ارتقاي توانمندي-هاي آنان، رهيافت بسيار مناسبي براي كاهش فقر به شمار مي آيد. در اين خصوص، مطالعه حاضر به بررسي تاثير متغيرهاي فردي و اقتصادي بر مشاركت زنان روستايي در تعاوني توليد توپ‌هاي ورزشي (شركت تعاوني توپ‌دوزي پاوه) پرداخته است. به منظور تشخيص معني دار بودن روابط بين متغيرها از آزمون هاي همبستگي و همچنين براي علت يابي متغيرهاي فردي و اقتصادي زنان در چگونگي مشاركت آنان در تعاوني توليدي از مدل تحليل مسير بهره گرفته شده است. نوع تحقيق كاربردي، و به صورت توصيفي و همبستگي- علّي است. اطلاعات مورد نياز از استان كرمانشاه (شهرستان پاوه و اورامانات) به وسيله پرسشنامه به دست آمد و با استفاده از روش كوكران، 96 نفر از زنان عضو تعاوني به روش احتمالي و نوع سيستماتيك انتخاب شدند. ضريب آلفاي كرونباخ (88/0=?) در قسمت اصلي پرسشنامه (ميزان مشاركت)، نشان داد كه وسيله تحقيق قابليت زيادي براي جمع‌آوري اطلاعات دارد. يافته هاي تحقيق حاكي از آن‌اند كه بين مشاركت زنان و مولفه‌هاي فردي-اقتصادي رابطه مثبت و معني داري برقرار است. متغيرهاي وارد شده در مدل تحليل، در مجموع 61 درصد از تغييرات مشاركت زنان را تبيين كردند. نتايج تحليل مسير بدين ترتيب است كه از بين سيزده مولفه فردي-اقتصادي، سه متغير ميزان سابقه عضويت، بهبود وضعيت اقتصادي خانواده و سابقه مديريت، به ترتيب بيشترين تاثيرات علّي را بر مشاركت زنان روستايي داشته اند. در پايان راهبردهاي متناسب با نتايج مطالعه، به منظور بهبود وضعيت مشاركت زنان روستايي ارايه گرديد.

Extended Abstract Introduction Since the introduction of development to countries after the World War II, this process has been the most significant issue, especially in developing countries. The realization of development demands exploiting the talents, capacities and active participation of people in different stages of development process, so that development and participation are considered to be interwoven and the process is succeeded when it is concurrent with the increase in peopleʹs participation especially local individuals. Methodology Concerning peopleʹs participation (PP) in participatory activities, in particular, propounding the subject of participatory approaches like PRA and RRA was the result of dissatisfaction and lack of success of rural development (RD) activities before the 1980s. During that time, the dominant thought and direction of RD was based on two essential principles: 1) emphasizing the role of ‘individuals outside the social system’ as the planners and decision-makers of the main projects and activities of RD. 2) The thought “we know and they do not know” where ‘we’ referred to the outsiders and experts and ‘they’ referred to local people, shows that they ignored indigenous knowledge. Considering the failure of many RD projects and programs in the period before the 1980s, impressions, attitudes and ideas in relation to RD were changed during the subsequent three decades. The issue of ‘project ownership’ and local NGOs gained significance up to date. It was realized that rural people had to have a sense of ownership of development process to follow and achieve the desired results. Before the 1980s, existing approaches to RD paid little attention to the active role of local people in RD, especially the marginalized groups (women) in rural areas. Therefore, in this period, decision-making and allocation of resources were carried out mostly by outsider experts of RD (i.e. in the capital or in the local governmental organizations) in developing countries, and people’s involvement in making decisions on RD projects was insignificant. In addition, local people’s ideas about their needs and problems related to their environment were rarely enquired. Results Based on the recent statistics released from the UN, 23% of Iranian women participate in the economic sector in contrast with 77 % of menʹs participation, of which 34% of women attend the agricultural sector versus 24% for men. The rural women as the half of human population in rural areas play a significant role in social and cultural realms along with economic roles. Accordingly, it is important to pay attention to how can us increase their participation and involvement in development process, especially because past research efforts, so often ignored or misrepresented them. Most of the women are illiterate or less educated and often unable to attend or continue formal training courses, social or economic services. In these conditions, rural women remain inactive with less chance to develop their own abilities. As a result, this situation has caused the women to be the most vulnerable group in rural development programs. In spite of their active role in socio-economic aspects, promotion of rural womenʹs status, having participated them in formal economic sector is of greater importance and regarded to be the necessary condition for sustainable development in developing countries. To recognize the manner of womenʹs participation in development and the influential factors, during 1970s the term “women in development”, and in the 1980s “Gender and development” were applied in resources and discourses (Ellis & Biggs, 2001). Thereafter, in most developing countries, strategies for active participation of women in development put into practice to remove or reduce existing barriers and obstacles. Yet, most planners of rural development policy believe erroneously that farmers and rural workers are mostly men. Conclusion In recent decades, social scientists focus on the importance of individual, economic and social factors that affecting womenʹs life, directly or indirectly, to provide an environment for the promotion of their participation in rural development process. The co-ops established in rural areas are the main institutions as NGOs which could enhance rural communitiesʹ capacity through applying unique practices and approaches subsequently, attention to rural womenʹs situation, attempt to recognize and evaluate their activities and remove the main barriers of improving their participation in different formal institutes at village level, including co-ops are the necessary steps towards sustainable rural development. The logic beyond this attempt is the necessity of using all the potential human resources toward development goals. The aim of this study is to explore some socio-economic factors affecting womanʹs participation in co-op from membersʹ point of view. The paper begins with an overview of the theoretical concepts on the issue of participation, especially on the case of rural women, and follows by a description of methodology of the study, and then findings are presented following by conclusion and recommendations.