پديد آورندگان :
اعظمي ، موسي نويسنده Azami, M , سروش مهر ، هما نويسنده Soroushmehr, H
كليدواژه :
تعاوني توپ سازي , عوامل فردي-اقتصادي , پاوه و اورامانات , زنان روستايي , مشاركت
چكيده لاتين :
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Since the introduction of development to countries after the World War II, this
process has been the most significant issue, especially in developing countries. The
realization of development demands exploiting the talents, capacities and active
participation of people in different stages of development process, so that
development and participation are considered to be interwoven and the process is
succeeded when it is concurrent with the increase in peopleʹs participation especially
local individuals.
Methodology
Concerning peopleʹs participation (PP) in participatory activities, in particular,
propounding the subject of participatory approaches like PRA and RRA was the
result of dissatisfaction and lack of success of rural development (RD) activities
before the 1980s. During that time, the dominant thought and direction of RD was
based on two essential principles: 1) emphasizing the role of ‘individuals outside the
social system’ as the planners and decision-makers of the main projects and
activities of RD. 2) The thought “we know and they do not know” where ‘we’
referred to the outsiders and experts and ‘they’ referred to local people, shows that
they ignored indigenous knowledge. Considering the failure of many RD projects
and programs in the period before the 1980s, impressions, attitudes and ideas in
relation to RD were changed during the subsequent three decades. The issue of
‘project ownership’ and local NGOs gained significance up to date. It was realized
that rural people had to have a sense of ownership of development process to follow
and achieve the desired results. Before the 1980s, existing approaches to RD paid
little attention to the active role of local people in RD, especially the marginalized
groups (women) in rural areas. Therefore, in this period, decision-making and
allocation of resources were carried out mostly by outsider experts of RD (i.e. in the
capital or in the local governmental organizations) in developing countries, and
people’s involvement in making decisions on RD projects was insignificant. In
addition, local people’s ideas about their needs and problems related to their
environment were rarely enquired.
Results
Based on the recent statistics released from the UN, 23% of Iranian women
participate in the economic sector in contrast with 77 % of menʹs participation, of
which 34% of women attend the agricultural sector versus 24% for men. The rural
women as the half of human population in rural areas play a significant role in social
and cultural realms along with economic roles. Accordingly, it is important to pay
attention to how can us increase their participation and involvement in development
process, especially because past research efforts, so often ignored or misrepresented
them. Most of the women are illiterate or less educated and often unable to attend or
continue formal training courses, social or economic services. In these conditions,
rural women remain inactive with less chance to develop their own abilities. As a
result, this situation has caused the women to be the most vulnerable group in rural
development programs. In spite of their active role in socio-economic aspects,
promotion of rural womenʹs status, having participated them in formal economic sector is of greater importance and regarded to be the necessary condition for
sustainable development in developing countries. To recognize the manner of
womenʹs participation in development and the influential factors, during 1970s the
term “women in development”, and in the 1980s “Gender and development” were
applied in resources and discourses (Ellis & Biggs, 2001). Thereafter, in most
developing countries, strategies for active participation of women in development
put into practice to remove or reduce existing barriers and obstacles. Yet, most
planners of rural development policy believe erroneously that farmers and rural
workers are mostly men.
Conclusion
In recent decades, social scientists focus on the importance of individual, economic
and social factors that affecting womenʹs life, directly or indirectly, to provide an
environment for the promotion of their participation in rural development process.
The co-ops established in rural areas are the main institutions as NGOs which could
enhance rural communitiesʹ capacity through applying unique practices and
approaches subsequently, attention to rural womenʹs situation, attempt to recognize
and evaluate their activities and remove the main barriers of improving their
participation in different formal institutes at village level, including co-ops are the
necessary steps towards sustainable rural development. The logic beyond this
attempt is the necessity of using all the potential human resources toward
development goals. The aim of this study is to explore some socio-economic factors
affecting womanʹs participation in co-op from membersʹ point of view. The paper
begins with an overview of the theoretical concepts on the issue of participation,
especially on the case of rural women, and follows by a description of methodology
of the study, and then findings are presented following by conclusion and
recommendations.
