نقد و بررسي نظريّه «خلق اعمال» فخر رازي و تاثير آن در فهم او از آيات قرآن

A Critique of Fakhr ʾal-Dīn al-Rāzī’s Theory of “Creation of Acts” and its Influence on his Understanding of Quranic Verses

در اين مقاله ابتدا مهم‌ترين ادلّه فخر رازي براي اثبات نظريّه او در مورد «خلق اعمال» مورد نقد و بررسي قرار گرفته است. هر سه دليلي كه وي براي ردّ ضرورت اختيار و تمام سيزده دليلي كه براي اثبات نظريّه «كسب» خويش اقامه كرده است، ابطال شده‌اند. سپس تفسيرهايي كه او با توجّه به نظريّه مذكور ارايه داده است، مورد نقد و بررسي قرار گرفته‌اند. به اين منظور، همه آياتي كه وي تحت تاثير اين نظريّه، برخلاف معناي ظاهري تفسير كرده است، جمع‌آوري شده و با توجّه به ساير آيات، معناي ظاهري و متبادر از الفاظ و شان نزول آيات، و صحّت و سقم برداشت‌هاي او معيّن و اين نتيجه به دست آمده است كه هيچ يك از برداشت‌هايي كه فخر رازي تحت تاثير نظريّه خلق اعمال از آيات قرآن داشته، صحيح نيست.

In this essay the most important arguments of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi for the theory that all acts are created only by God (khalq al-amal) are investigated. In the course of this investigation each of his three arguments rejecting the necessity of free will and all his thirteen arguments for proving his theory of occasional cause (kasb) are refuted. Subsequently, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s interpretations of the Quran which are under the influence of this theory are criticized. In order to accomplish this, all of the Quranic verses, which as a result of this theory are interpreted by him in a way incongruous with their apparent meaning, are presented. His interpretations are evaluated taking into consideration other Quranic verses, the apparent meaning of the verses at issue, and the circumstances of their revelation (asbab al-nuzul), and it is concluded that none of the interpretations of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi which are based on the theory of the “creation of acts” are valid