رابطه علم و فناوري: طرح و نقد الگوي فناوري به مثابه علم كاربردي

Science & Technology Policy Science-Technology Relationship: Reconstruction and Critique of "Technology as Applied Science" Model

In this paper one of the most important models of science-technology relationship, named "technology-as-applied science" is critically considered from philosophical and historical point of view. At first, some ideas of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes are reviewed as the philosophical roots of that model, and then Mario Bungeʹs elaborated defense of the model is reconstructed. For criticism, firstly the ideological perspective of post-modern thought about the position and relationship of science and technology is considered according to which in the post-modern era technology has primacy over everything including science. Secondly, strong critiques of technology historians are reviewed in which they undeniably showed that the history of science and technology relationship does not accord with the model. Finally some implications of those critical arguments for science and technology policy are pointed out.