بروز مدرنيسم در معماري تركيه و تقابل با جنبشهاي ملي معماري

Emergence of modernism in Turkish architecture and itʹʹs encounter with national architectural movements

بروز مدرنيسم و تقابل با ملي گرايي در معماري تركيه نتيجه جريانات فكري اين كشور در عرصه هاي اجتماعي و سياسي بوده است،به گونه اي كه نفوذ مدرنيسم در تركيه از اواخر امپراطوري عثماني با مطرح نمودن برنامه تنظيمات كه با هدف نوسازي و روزآمد شدن جنبه هاي حكومتي بود،آغاز شد. با تغيير نهادهاي حكومتي عثماني و جايگزيني حكومت جمهوري به رهبري آتاتورك ضمن انجام اصلاحاتي بنيادين در امور سياسي ،اجتماعي كشور تركيه ،توجه به اقتدار تاريخي امپراطوري عثماني مورد توجه قرار داشت. اين مقاله در صدد است در ابتدا زمينه هاي بحران هويت ملي و تقابل با مدرنيسم غربي در شرايط اجتماعي و سياسي تركيه را مورد مطالعه قرار داده تا زمينه هاي نفوذ تفكرات مدرنيسم غرب در امپراطوري عثماني قابل بررسي شود. سپس جريانهاي فكري معماري معاصر تركيه از 1920تا1950 مورد بررسي قرار ميگيرد و چگونگي تقابلات بين بروز مدرنيسم با ظهور جنبشهاي ملي معماري در تركيه نتيجه گيري خواهد شد.

Ottoman revivalism in Turkish Contemporary architecture known as the first national architectural movement in 1920s, was abolished with emergence of modernism in 1930 s and drew the attentions again in 1940 s.The 1930s was a decade of attempts, improvement and change. The construction activities were programmed to display this.While it is difficult to state that this display had a distinct from, this form would characterize the 1930s as aversion of modern functionalism. May be the attitude of the administrators was never in the course of imposing a certain style.Only the Ottoman revivalist style displaying the old culture was abandoned because it was considered to be an anachronism. What was sought was an expression to represent the desired level of civilization and which came first with the Republic as in the foundation of Ankara. The tendency to modern architecture was conceived as a necessity of being contemporary and as one of completing elements of passing from the culture of Islamic/Eastern origin to that of the Western culture. During the years of revolution when the ties with the old older of society were cut one by one, the Republication staff must have evaluated the new architecture as a symbol to reflect the political radicalism. In summary, an expectation of being contemporary in architecture was born as it was in all of the order fields. This was a tendency that was not detailed and did not use the specific concepts and terms of architecture, but whit the specific direction. From this perspective, it can be said that the role of the administration in determining in the arrival of modern architecture to Turkey was significant. Emergence of modernism and itʹs encounter with nationalism in Turkish architecture has been a result of intellectual flows in political and social arenas in a way that the influence of modernism in Turkey began with introducing a plan know as Tanzimat with the aim of renewing and updating governmental aspects . With changing Ottoman governmental entities and replacement of republic system under the leadership of Attaturk , there was a focus on historical authority of Ottoman Impire besides starting fundamental reforms in political and social affairs of Turkey . It seems that this encounter in fact intended to satisfy public regarding the presence of modernism and keeping the public past values a live. This article seeks to study the bases of national identity crisis and encounter with western modernism in Turkish social and political situations in order to investigate the grounds of penetration of western modernistic thoughts in to Ottoman Impire. Then efforts by Turkish government in order to create an interaction between nationalists and modernism advocates are introduced. In order to study the manner of interaction between modernism and nationalistic trends in Turkish architecture, a brief review on Turkish architectural nationalism was conducted from the historical view point.Finally the intellectual trends of Turkish contemporary architecture from 1920-1950 are examined and the quality of interaction between the emergence of modernism and the appearance of national architectural movements are concluded.