بررسي تحليلي مفهوم تزكيه در آثار اخلاقي و فلسفي

An Analytical Study on the Concept of "Purification"; In Philosophical and Ethical Works of Muslim Scholars

هدف اصلي اين مقاله بررسي تحليلي مفهوم تزكيه در آثار اخلاقي و فلسفي متفكران مسلمان است. پرسش اصلي تحقيق اين است كه تزكيه در آثار اخلاقي و فلسفي در چه مواردي و در هر يك از اين موارد در چه معنايي به كار رفته و عناصر معنايي آن كدام است؟ اين تحقيق مشخص كرد كه اولاً اين واژه پيش از ابن‌سينا در ادبيات فلسفي و اخلاقي كاربرد نداشته و در آثار ابن‌سينا و پس از وي تا قرن هفتم به عنوان يك واژه فرعي و از قرن هفتم به بعد به عنوان يك واژه كليدي به كار رفته است. ثانياً اين واژه در چهار گفتمان محوري ? گفتمان معالجت، رياضت، سعادت و گفتمان تركيبي ? و در چهار معنا به كار رفته است: الف) تزكيه به معناي رفع رذايل و كسب فضايل اخلاقي؛ ب) رفع رذايل اخلاقي؛ ج) ريشه كن كردن حبّ دنيا از ساحت نفس و د) رفع رذايل اخلاقي و رذيله حبّ دنيا. ثالثاً هسته اصلي معنايي تزكيه زدودن رذايل است و كسب فضايل لازمه آن و نه جزيي از معناي آن است. رفع رذايل و كسب فضايل دو روي يك سكه‌اند.

The present research aimed to have an analytical study on the concept of "purification" in the philosophical and ethical works of Muslim scholars. The main question this study tried to answer was; in which cases "purification" was used for in the philosophical and ethical works, what did it mean in each case and what are its semantic elements. Through this study, it was shown that the term has started to be used in Ibne-Sina works and there was not any evidence to confirm that the term was common before him. It was by Ibne-Sina which the term appeared. By seventh century (in Islamic calendar), "purification" was a marginal term and it was just after seventh century which had taken as a key term. Four major discourses were attributed to the term; discourses on healing, discourses on ascetic, discourses on happiness and a synthetic one. "purification" was also used in four meaning; elimination of vices and acquiring moral virtues, elimination of moral vices, removing mammonism from soul, putting away moral vices and mammonism. The core meaning of "purification" is eliminating vices. Acquiring virtues is a necessary part of its meaning and not a part only. Elimination of vices and acquiring virtues are two sides of a coin.