معماري بومي در سكونتگاه‌هاي دره طالقان؛ نگاهي به مسكن روستايي طالقان

Vernacular Architecture of the Habitats located in Taleghan Valley, Regarding to Rural Housing of Taleghan

معماري روستايي ايران با توجه به قدمت چندهزار ساله آن مجموعه‌اي همگن و متناسب را تشكيل مي‌دهد كه در آن ارتباطات و كاركردها و نقش چندعملكردي فضاها در مسكن همواره به نحوي بوده است كه به‌وضوح، نظام اجتماعي و اقتصادي و فرهنگي روستا را به همراه مقتضيات جغرافيايي دربرگرفته است. گونه‌هاي موجود مسكن روستايي، از جمله ناحيه انتخاب‌شده در اين پژوهش، از مصاديق بارز اين ويژگي محسوب مي‌شوند. در اين مقاله، معماري روستايي در يكي از مناطق نسبتاً دست‌نخورده روستايي –حوزه طالقان- در 9 روستاي منتخب اين حوزه بررسي گرديده است. در اين پژوهش روستاهايي انتخاب شده‌اند كه بافت نسبتاً ارزشمندي دارند و از نظر معماري بومي درخور مطالعه و پژوهش - و در نتيجه يادگيري - هستند. در اين بررسي، روستاهاي منتخب در مقياس‌هاي كلي و خرد از نظر نظام استقرار، جغرافياي تاثيرگذار، و همچنين سيما و بافت و مسكن مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته‌اند. گونه‌شناسي مسكن روستايي اين حوزه از دو ديدگاه تحليل گرديده است: الف) ارزيابي الگوي فضايي- عملكردي؛ و ب) ارزيابي الگوي اقليمي. مهم‌ترين ويژگي معماري بومي اين منطقه را مي‌توان بدين شرح خلاصه كرد: هماهنگي بافت و شكل‌گيري آن بر اساس زمين، ساماندهي فضاهاي گوناگون مسكن روستايي با توجه به معيشت خانواده، عوامل اقليمي و وضعيت اجتماعي، فرهنگي مردم.

Iranian rural Architecture with regard to its thousands year history makes a homogeneous and appropriate form in which the functions and role of communication and multi-functional spaces in the house were always so clear that included the social as well as the economic and cultural systems of rural housing in accordance with geographic requirements. The rural housings are obvious examples of this feature. The nature and its potentials along with knowledge of many generations, along with the attitude and approach of villagers to the nature have made another feature in rural architecture which created the most desirable and efficient relationship between environmental components while observing all the simplicity of components and its generalities and well impact of the use of environment beside economics, traditions and norms which govern the rural community is evident in its spatial organization. While present situation of rural housing encountered its particular problems, studies of housing in the country have been mainly focused on urban housing or specific villages. Lacking precise and useful studies in the field and differences between urban and rural housing, have transformed the research in the field of housing characteristics in rural architecture to a very important one. Answering to numerous needs in rural housing and the need for its compatibility with the demands of rural community requires the participation and attention of all the experts in rural issues. In this paper the typology of rural housing in one of the relatively untouched rural areas – Taleghan valley - in nine selected villages of the area were investigated. Taleghan is located in southern Alborz in Savojbolagh, Tehran. The area is located along the linear path of Shahrood river. It consists of three rural districts, called Down-Taleghan (the district center is Shahrasar), Middle-Taleghan (the district center is Shahrak) and Up-Taleghan (the district center is Jovestan) and there are totally 77 villages in this area. In this study, selected villages have been studied in general and micro-scale system deployment, geography effect held, perspective, texture and housing. The formation of Taleghan Valley habitats, according to geography and climate factors, consists of two different types: (1) Formation based on the river path (most villages are formed by this type), and (2) Formation regardless to the river path, for security reasons. The housing typology of rural areas has been analyzed from two perspectives: (A) Evaluation of spatial- functional patterns; and (B) Assessment of climate patterns. The most important features of indigenous architecture in this region can be summarized as follows: the harmony between the texture and the earth, and formation of the texture based upon the earth shape, the various spaces of rural housing according to the livelihoods of the households, climatic factors, and sociocultural status. Prospects resulting from this study can be summarized in cases such as: 1. Documenting these habitats may result in creating useful documents for protecting these villages in future. 2. Rural architectural details and their generalities which have been considered in this study can address the future constructions in a sustainable as well as harmonious architecture.