نقش زياد بن عبيد در تكميل تشكيلات اداري امويان

The Role of Ziyad b. ‘Ubayd in Completion of the Umayyads’ Administrative Organizations

زياد بن عبيد به عنوان يكي از چهار داهي عرب نقش بسيار موثري در تحكيم پايه‌هاي خلافت اموي داشت. او كه فرزند عبيد، غلام رومي حارث بن كلده ثقفي و سميه، كنيز بدنام او بود، پس از استلحاقش به ابوسفيان در سال 44ق در خدمت معاويه قرار گرفت و يك سال بعد به امارت بصره منصوب شد. روش مديريت زياد و ويژگي‌هاي شخصيتي او موجب شد تا در سال 51ق امارت كوفه نيز از سوي معاويه به او واگذار شود. زياد كه سه دهه در دستگاه واليان بصره و سپس در مسند ولايت فارس تجربه‌هاي بسياري اندوخته بود، اين بار به عنوان نخستين حاكم همه عراق به اقداماتي دست زد كه در تكميل تشكيلات اداري امويان قابل توجه است. اصلاح ديوان عطا بصره و كوفه، تنظيم امور مالي و مالياتي، تشكيل و تكميل ديوان‌هاي استيفا و خاتم، سازمان‌دهي ديدارهاي خليفه با مردم، كوچاندن عرب‌ها به خراسان و تنظيمات اداري در اين ولايت از جمله آن‌هاست.

Ziyad b. ‘Ubayd, as one of the four Arab ingenious figures, had a very impressive role in consolidation of the foundations of Umayyads’ rule. As the son of ‘Ubayd, the Anatolian salve of Harith b. Kalda Thaqafi, and Sumayya, his infamous slave girl, he was put in Mu‘awiya service after his adoption by Abu Sufyan in 44/664 and a year later was appointed as the governor of Basra. Ziyad’s managerial method and his personality traits prompted Mu‘awiya to entrust him with the reign of Kufa in 55/671, too. Having gained experience for three decades in the ruling system of the Basra governors and then as the governor of Fars province, and this time as the first governor of Iraq, he took measures that were remarkable in the completion of the Umayyads’ administrative organization. Among those measures are correcting Basra’s and Kufa’s public treasury (Ata’) council, regulating taxation and financial affairs, completion of taxation (istifa) and seal-keeping (khatan) councils, organizing the caliph’s meetings with people, causing Arabs to migrate to Khurasan, and administrative regulations in this province.