كنكاشي در باب شكل شهر سنتي از منظر انديشه اسلامي

Traditional city structures from perspective of Islamic notions

هدف مقاله جستاري در باب شكل شهر از منظر انديشه اسلامي است. سوال اصلي مقاله اين است كه چه مولفه‌هاي شكلي و غير شكلي بر شهر سنتي حاكم است؟ روش كار به مانند روش انديشمندان اسلامي در تحقيق است. از اين رو استناد اصلي در تحقيق، قرآن و روايات و نظر انديشمندان است كه به عنوان معارف پايه و مقبولات در استدلال منطقي و استنتاج سود برده شده است. نتايج، بيانگر آنست كه شهر سنتي داراي ارتباطي همه‌جانبه، زميني و آسماني است؛ يعني زمين، سايه آسمان است. هدف از شهر سنتي، ايجاد بستر مناسب براي هدايت انسان به كمال يعني همان بندگي است. در سايه بندگي، آرامش قلبي و امنيت برقرار مي‌شود و بستر لازم براي ظهور عدالت به وجود مي‌آيد. شكل شهر سنتي به تبعيت از نظم طبيعت و به وجود آمدن نيازهاي جديد دايم در حال تغيير و در عين گوناگوني داراي وحدت است. از سويي ديگر مسيوليت‌پذيري اجزا نسبت به هم باعث شده از طبيعت در شهر سنتي به اندازه و به جا استفاده شود. از آنجايي كه هدف شهر سنتي انسان است و انسان داراي روح و جسم است؛ شهر سنتي نيز متناسب با انسان و نيازهاي جسماني و روحاني او شكل مي‌گيرد و بنابر‌اين قبل از برپايي شهر سنتي، بايستي انسان سنتي برپا شود. از اين رو هدف در شهر سنتي برپايي كالبد شهر به تنهايي نيست.

The purpose of this article is studying the city schema from the perspective of Islamic notions. The main question is what are the traditional schematic components and non-schematic components in the construction of a city in the Muslim world. The practical method is like the one used by Muslim scholars in their researches. Thus, the source documents in the research are Quran, narratives and scientists’ views which have been used as basic knowledge and the widely accepted rational arguments and inferences. The results demonstrate that in a traditional city structure there is a multifaceted relationship between all components. Such a structure is earthly and heavenly; in other words, the earth is the shadow of the sky. The purpose of the traditional city structure is to develop the appropriate ground for the guidance of mankind to perfection which is absolute submission. It is through such submission that the individual finds peace of heart and the necessary ground would be developed for the emergence of justice. Traditional city structures are changing continuously in accordance with changes in the nature and the development of new needs. While having diversity, it has unity. On the other hand, the interconnection between the components has caused the elements of nature to be used in the traditional city structure properly and as much as necessary. Since the purpose of the traditional city structure is human being and human being has spirit and body, such a structure is shaped according to human being and his physical and spiritual needs. Accordingly, before establishing the city, the traditional human being must be created. Therefore, the objective in the traditional structure is beyond just establishing the framework of the city.