بررسي اهداف سياسي - نظامي كوچ و اسكان اجباري برخي طوايف ايلات ايران از اوايل قرن يازدهم تا اواخر قرن سيزدهم هجري قمري

A Study of Political-Military Purposes of Migration and Displacement of Some of Iran’s Nomadic Tribes

ايلات و عشاير از نيروهاي سياسي – اجتماعي موثر در تاريخ ايران بوده اند و بسياري از سلسله هاي حكومتي ايران منشا ايلاتي داشته اند و ساختار نيروهاي نظامي نيز عمدتاً عشايري بود. با اين حال جابجايي و كوچ اجباري ايلات نيز از مسايل تاريخ ايران بويژه از صفويه به اين سو بوده است. در اين نوشتار به روند و چگونگي، اهداف ،علل و انگيزه هاي سياسي – نظامي كوچ و اسكان اجباري تيره هاي مختلف عشاير ايران در دوره هاي صفويه، افشاريه و زنديه، قاجار و پهلوي پرداخته شده است. شاه عباس بزرگ به منظور ممانعت از برخي شورشها، تقويت موقعيت نظامي كشور در مقابل ازبكها و تركمنها در مرزهاي شمال شرقي به كوچ و اسكان طوايفي از عشاير پرداخت اما در دوره جانشينان وي چنين وسعت عملي در ميان نبود. نادرشاه به قصد تقويت منابع انساني خراسان، دفاع از سرحدات و برقراري پادگان نظامي و ممانعت از طغيان برخي طوايف به طور چشم گيري به كوچ و اسكان ايلات پرداخت. در دوره قاجار جابجايي طوايف بيشتر در اثناي جنگ هاي ايران و روس و درمقاطع ديگر نيز در سطح محدود انجام گرفت و بالاخره در دوره پهلوي در راستاي سياست مهار و محدود كننده ايلات برخي طوايف نيز جابجا شدند.

Nomadic tribes have been effective political and social powers in Iran. Lots of dynasties of Iran have arisen from nomadic tribes and the military forces were also mostly nomads. The Ganjine-ye Asnad, 67 (Autumn 2007) 4 A Review of the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea According to Records and Treaties Nadali Sadeghian After the discovery of oil in the Caspian Sea, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the emergence of the Newly Independent States around the Caspian Sea, these states requested the division of their respective sectors in order to independently extract oil from seabed and subseabed sources. After the appearance of the three new countries around the Caspian Sea, as a strategic economic area and one of the most important trade areas of the world, the legal status of this Sea has caused regional disputes and competition and this area has become the focus of regional and over-regional nations. Each Country around the Caspian Sea has its specific viewpoint about the sea’s legal system. But at the moment, according to international law, the legal status of the Caspian Sea is based on the 1921 and 1940 treaties between Iran and the USSR. involuntary movement and migration of nomadic tribes has been one of the important issues in Iran’s history, especially since the Safavid era. In this paper, the procedure, method, objectives, reasons and political and military motives for migration and forced residency of different races of Iranian tribes in the Safavid, Afshar, Zand, Qajar, and Pahlavi era has been studied. The Shah Abbas forced some clans of the tribes to migrate in order to prevent oppositions and to reinforce the country’s military condition to face with Uzbeks and Turkmens in the north east borders. But during the era of his successor, such attempts were made to a lesser extent. Nader Shah also compelled a large number of tribes to migrate in order to reinforce human resources of Khorasan, to defend country borders and to found a military base and prevent the opposition of some tribes. In the Qajar era the displacement of nomadic tribes occurred mostly during the Russo-Persian war and it also took place in other periods to a lesser extent. Finally in the Pahlavi era, according to the policy of limiting tribes, some tribes were transferred.