كليدواژه :
بازآفريني , معماري بومي , زلزله , دانش بومي
چكيده فارسي :
زلزله پديده اي است كه از گذشته در كشور ما وجود داشته است. چهار زلزله از مهيب‌ترين زلزله‌هاي جهان در قرن بيستم ميلادي در ايران اتفاق افتاده و گزارش سال 2003 برنامه عمران ملل متحد تحت عنوان " كاهش ريسك بلايا، چالش توسعه" ، ايران را دومين كشور جهان از لحاظ مرگ مير ناشي از زلزله معرفي نموده است. بررسي وضعيت زمين شناسي نشان مي دهد ايران منطقه اي با فعاليت لرزه خيزي و گسل هاي بسيار است كه اين امر در طراحي و ساخت بناها بايد به عنوان عاملي تاثيرگذار در نظر گرفته شود. بررسي ميراث معماري به جاي مانده از گذشته نشان مي دهد نوعي دانش بومي براي طرح و ساخت مسكن وديگر بناها وجود داشته كه چنانچه در ساخت و سازها لحاظ مي گرديد ايمني بنا و ساكنان آن تامين مي شد. بخشي از تمدن ايراني و ميراث گرانبهاي معماري در شهرها و روستاهاي كشور كه به نسل كنوني رسيده حاصل همين دانش مي باشد.
در نگاهي جامع، دانش بومي، بخشي از ثروت و سرمايه ملي است كه باورها، ارزش ها و دانسته هاي هر قوم را در بر مي گيرد. افراد اجتماع به كمك اين دانش و در طي قرون نيازهاي خود را جستجو و تامين مي نموده اند. نظر به اينكه هم اكنون نيز بخش قابل توجهي از ساخت و ساز در كشور تقليدي از شيوه هاي سنتي است آشنايي با روش هاي پيشگيري از خطرات ناشي از زلزله كه در طول تاريخ آزموده شده مي تواند آموزنده باشد.
نظر به اينكه ماهيت زلزله و اثر آن بر بناها تغيير نكرده است، شناخت و بازآفريني دانش بومي مواجه با زلزله مي تواند زمينه به كارگيري مجدد آن ها در بناهاي متعارف و معمول را فراهم نمايد. اين مقاله با تاكيد بر دانش و مهارت هاي چند هزار ساله بومي در مواجه با زلزله، به دنبال شناخت اين الگوها و بازآفريني آن ها براي مقاوم سازي و كاهش آسيب پذيري بناها است.
چكيده لاتين :
Earthquake is a phenomenon which exists throughout the history of our country. Having review the history of disastrous earthquakes in different part of the country, such as 585 and 1024 AC earthquake of Tabriz, 855 Rey, 893 Ardebil, 956 Hamedan, 957 Fars, 1085 Khuzestan and many other strong earthquakes (Madani 2008) revealed that Iranians had knowledge about this phenomenon since the dawn of history. This issue have has been focused in recent decades, because the intensity and level of earthquakes can be recorded and analyzed.
In 20th century, four of the most powerful earthquakes in the world happened in Iran, and UNDPʹs 2003 report " Disaster risk reduction, development challenge", introduced Iran as a second top countries in case of mortality caused by earthquake. The geological analysis of Iranʹs land reveals that, our country is a earthquake prone region and there are numerous faults which needs consideration while designing and constructing buildings.
According to this viewpoint most of the constructions in the country implemented on basis of vernacular means, there is need to analyze and understand the prevention techniques regarding disasters from earthquake; which have been examined in past and can be used again. Vernacular knowledge of any caste is part of their national wealth and assets which also include their beliefs, value and awareness.
People with the help of this knowledge, the search for their need and provision of their food, clothing, housing, tools and other needs have been conducted in their environment during centuries. Designing and construction of housing and other required physical spaces for many years were built with the same knowledge and special engineering, that valued architecture of heritage in cities and villages are as the result of those eras.
With respect to the historical background of earthquake phenomenon in Iran, this article is to focus some tools and techniques which Iranian engineers have invented to cope with earthquakes. According to that, the nature of earthquake and its impact on buildings have not changed, regenerating and knowing this knowledge can be used in similar buildings. This article also tries to emphasis on the knowledge of vernacular techniques to regenerate and detect the vernacular paradigms of retrofitting and vulnerability reduction of buildings.
