بررسي تطبيقي وضعيت استقرار جهات جغرافيايي مسكن روستايي و مصرف انرژي در منطقه سيستان

Comparative Study of the Geographical Directions of Rural Housing and Energy Consumption in Sistan Region of Iran

اجراي روش هاي مناسب در طراحي ساختمان كه با اقليم محل هماهنگي داشته باشد همواره مورد توجه معماران ساختمان قرار گرفته است. توجه به نيروهاي طبيعي و زوال ناپذير همچون آفتاب، باد و بهبود بخشيدن به شرايط حرارتي فضاهاي زيستي از ديرباز در كشور ما معمول بوده است. استفاده از اين نيروها در ساختمان سبب صرفه جويي در مصرف سوخت و مهم تر از آن ارتقاي كيفيت آسايش و بهداشت محيط هاي مسكوني و سالم سازي محيط زيست مي شود. در اين چهارچوب، تاكنون ميزان انطباق نماي ساختمان ها در جهات مختلف جغرافيايي، با شرايط اقليمي مورد مطالعه قرار نگرفته است تا تاثيرگذاري آن بر ميزان مصرف انرژي و هزينه هاي آن را مورد بررسي و سنجش قرار دهد. لذا محققان به بررسي ميزان مصرف انرژي، هزينه هاي مصرفي و سطح رضايت مندي از درجه حرارت فضاي داخلي مساكن با جهت جغرافيايي نماي منازل پرداخته اند. روش تحقيق مبتني بر بررسي منابع اسنادي، بررسي هاي ميداني و تكميل پرسش نامه بوده است. اطلاعات جمع آوري شده با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS تجزيه و تحليل شده اند. نتايج بدست آمده تفاوت معناداري را بين نماي ساختمان ها و ميزان مصرف انرژي نشان مي دهد. بدين ترتيب ساكنين منازل داراي نماي جنوبي كمترين ميزان مصرف انرژي، روشن بودن وسايل گرمايشي و سرمايشي و پايين بودن هزينه هاي مصرفي كل خانوار را در بين منازل با جهات مختلف دارند. در نقطه مقابل منازل رو به شمال با بيشترين مصرف انرژي و هزينه قرار دارند. ميزان رضايت مندي از گرمايش و سرمايش فضاي داخلي منزل در فصول سرد و گرم نيز به عنوان مولفه هاي ذهني مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. خانوارهاي داراي نماي منازل رو به جنوب بيشترين سطح رضايت مندي و بالعكس، خانوارهاي داراي نماي رو به شمال كمترين سطح رضايت-مندي را ابراز نموده اند.

Using proper methods in designing buildings being compatible with the climatic conditions of a region has always been important for architects. It has been common in Iran for a long time to consider natural and inexhaustible energies such as the sun, wind and to improve the thermal conditions in inhabited areas. Using these energies in buildings leads to saving energy, and significantly improves the comfort level and sanitary conditions in inhabited areas. To control the inside space of a building, the first step in using natural energies is to adapt the building and the environment in general to the climatic conditions of that place. By examining rural buildings in the contemporary period, many cases were found in which their plan or the established buildings undergone different kinds of inappropriateness in their organs, functional elements and the quality of building process. The problems reveal their self more in operation which are the lack of attention to ultimate goals and saving rurals of energy consumption and lack of adoption with natural condition which greatly affect the welfare level and satisfaction rate in thermal conditions of houses for their residents. So far the compatibility of buildingsʹ faceless in different geographical directions with climatic conditions has not been studied in respect of measuring that how it affects energy consumption levels and expenditure; Therefore, researchers examined energy consumption level, expenditure, and the level of satisfaction with temperature inside the building and their relation with the geographical directions of buildings’ facades. To conduct this study, three methods have been used; documentary resources, fieldworks by using questionnaire. SPSS has been used to analyze the data. The findings show a significant difference between the buildings’ facades and the level of energy consumption. Buildings with northern façade had the most levels of the following objective factors: energy consumption, hours the heating and cooling systems being on and the whole consumption expenditure of families. On the contrary, buildings with southern facades had the least levels of the above mentioned factors. In addition, the level of satisfaction with the heating and cooling systems inside the buildings during hot and cold seasons as subjective factors were studied. Families whose buildings had southern facades had the most level of satisfaction. But families whose buildings had northern facades had the least level of satisfaction. Results showed that for saving in fossilized fuels in cold and hot season, buildings which had southern facades provided the best atmosphere in the building. On the contray, buildings which had northern facades provided the worst condition. Therefore, lack of attention to natural conditons of the area results in an increase in expenditures and the lake of thermal welfare for the residents. Finally the paper recomend that there are two ways by which unnessary consumption of energies can be avoided: appropriate facading of houses (according to the angle of sun radiation and the direction of wind) using local experiences of every region in the building of rural houses.