برنامه‌دهي معماري، يك ضرورت براي طراحي

Architectural Programming, A Necessity for Design

امروزه مابين فعاليت‌هاي متعدد در طراحي پژوهي معماري، "برنامه‌دهي" به عنوان يكي از مراحل فرآيند طراحي محسوب مي‌شود كه توسط آن طراح با موضوع و اهداف يك پروژه‌ي طراحي بخصوص در زمينه‌ي نيازهاي استفاده‌كنندگان، محيط و بستر پروژه آشنا مي‌گردد و به صورتي نظام‌مند اين اطلاعات و ايده‌هاي مناسب را در سطوح مختلف مراحل طراحي به كار مي‌گيرد. اگرچه توجه به مقوله‌ي "برنامه‌دهي معماري" از اواخر دهه‌ي 1960 ميلادي در حرفه و مراكز آموزش معماري مطرح شد، ولي با تامل بر روي فعاليت آن مي‌توان ادعا نمود كه "برنامه‌دهي" در طول تاريخ جدا از "طراحي" معماري نبوده است. اين مقاله ضمن معرفي ويژگي‌هاي "برنامه‌دهي معماري"، به معرفي بخشي از مطالعات و تجربيات آموزشي نگارنده با دانشجويان دوره كارشناسي ارشد معماري دانشگاه تهران در قالب يك نمونه موردي، "به‌سازي بخشي از محور خيابان انقلاب حدفاصل ميدان انقلاب و چهارراه ولي‌عصر (عج)"، مي‌پردازد. توجه به مزاياي "برنامه‌دهي"، به‌خصوص در شرايط حاضر اقتصادي و حرفه‌اي در كشور، مي‌تواند نقش بسزايي در پيشرفت حرفه‌ي معماري داشته و معماري كشور را يك گام نزديك‌تر به سوي ايجاد "معماري خوب" بنمايد. در اين ميان ضرورت دارد كه برنامه‌ريزان آموزشي، به جايگاه صحيح بحث "برنامه‌دهي معماري" پي برده و برگزاري دروسي در اين زمينه را در سطوح مختلف كارشناسي و كارشناسي ارشد معماري در دستور كار قرار دهند.

Architectural programming, as a realm in the design process, is considered to be one of the most valuable assets of the design research. Through the use of architectural programming, a designer becomes familiar with different issues of the project and establishes his/her goals to produce an appropriate design solution. An ideal design solution requires a thorough understanding about the needs of the users, the environment, and the context of the project. An architectural programmer utilizes these data in a systematic order to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate design ideas. Although articles and discussions about architectural programming did not start formally until the latter part of the 1960’s, during the discussions about demolishing the Pruitt Igoe residential project, one could suggest that programming has always been part of the design process throughout the history of architecture. This article reviews different characteristics of programming and its benefits for the design process. Four major benefits of programming include: 1- earlier time to design, 2- more efficient use of sources, 3- diminishing mistakes, 4- the correct use of man and environmental forces. The article also introduces a case study conducted by 22 graduate students of architecture at the University of Tehran, using Donna Duerk’s programming model on a project: Revitalizing A City Block on Enghelab Street - between the Enghelab Square and the Vali-Asr Intersection - in Tehran. For their studies, students started with a research to identify the shortcomings of that street to respond to the physical as well as perceptual needs of the users. Different issues were examined and three categories were developed: 1- Circulation: looking at pedestrian as well as vehicular issues; 2- The built environment (investigating about the problems with building facades, land-use planning, and the lack of green spaces); 3- The natural environment (considering the macro as well as micro climatic issues). In order to use Duerk’s model, students were required to introduce a “mission”, set some “goals” to overcome the identified problems, and investigate about the “performance requirement” (PR) necessary to reach those goals, and produce some “concepts” to provide an architectural solution for each PR. In Duerk’s model, a “mission” defines the special purpose that a project must fulfill; a project “goal” relates only to the outcome desired for the project; a “performance requirement” is a statement about the measurable level of function that a designed object must provide for a goal to be met; and a “concept” is an idea about the appropriate relationship between parts of a project.