پديد آورندگان :
طاهباز، منصوره نويسنده , , جليليان، شهربانو نويسنده ,
كليدواژه :
مسكن روستايي , شگردهاي معماري همساز با اقليم , پهنه اقليمي , پهنه معماري
چكيده فارسي :
بحران انرژي و ضرورت صرفه‌جويي در مصرف آن، لزوم تجديدنظر در نحوه ساخت و ساز را به يكي از اركان اصلي برنامه‌ريزي و طراحي كشور تبديل نموده است. اين مسيله به خصوص در روستاها كه همواره از منابع كمتري نسبت به شهرها برخوردار بوده‌اند، حياتي‌تر است. پايين بودن سطح زندگي در روستا، نبود تخصص، دور بودن از امكانات شهري، مشكل دسترسي، مشكلات معيشتي و امثال آن از عواملي هستند كه لزوم توجه به صرفه‌جويي انرژي در اين مناطق را چند برابر مي‌كند. بر اساس مطالعات انجام شده در بنياد مسكن انقلاب اسلامي استان تهران تحت عنوان "بررسي روش هاي صرفه جويي انرژي در مسكن روستايي استان گيلان " اين استان داراي چهار پهنه شاخص اقليمي است. در گذشته و در نبود امكانات مدرن براي استفاده از انرژي هاي فسيلي، نيازهاي متفاوت اين پهنه ها منجر به شكل گيري معماري خاص در هر پهنه شده است. اما مقايسه راهكارهاي بومي اتخاذ شده نشان مي دهد كه گاه نيازهاي متفاوت منجر به راه حل هاي مشترك شده و به همين دليل، استان داراي سه پهنه معماري است. بررسي ويژگي هاي طراحي كالبدي روستاها و مصالح و روش هاي اجرايي ، نشان مي دهد كه در طراحي معماري روستاهاي اين استان، علاوه بر استفاده از انرژي-هاي طبيعي براي تامين آسايش حرارتي، با شرايط نامطلوب اقليمي نيز مقابله شده است. به اين ترتيب معماري بومي، با كمترين نياز به
انرژي هاي فسيلي، ضمن صرفه جويي در هزينه ها، از آلودگي و تخريب محيط زيست نيز جلوگيري به عمل آورده و مصداق بارزي از معماري پايدار است. مقاله حاضر بر اساس مطالعات ميداني و تحقيق انجام شده، به معرفي پهنه هاي اقليمي شناسايي شده در اين استان و شگردهاي معماري به كار رفته در هر پهنه براي همسازي با شرايط اقليمي و محيطي مي پردازد. سپس براساس اين شناخت راهكارهاي طراحي همساز با اقليم براي كاهش مصرف انرژي در مسكن روستايي، براي هر يك از پهنه هاي معماري اين استان كه عبارتند از پهنه جلگه اي- كوهپايه اي، كوهستاني مرطوب و كوهستاني نيمه خشك ارايه شده است.
چكيده لاتين :
Nowadays energy conservation in all building sector is one of the basic requirements of the government. It has a dual importance in rural housing because of their shortage in energy sources and family budget in comparison with cities. Low level of life style in rural areas, being far from urban facilities, transportation problems, livelihood shortages and; make this necessity multiple. According to the research that had been carried out in “Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution” by the name of “Energy Saving Methods in Rural Housing of Gilan Province”, four climatic zones have been recognized. Shore and plane land zone with moderate and humid climate, High land zone with semi cold and humid climate, Humid Mountainous zone and semi arid mountainous zone with cold climate. In this research it was found that in old rural settlements of Gilan – there was no modern facilities in using mechanical systems, therefore special vernacular strategies for every climatic zone was performed in architecture to provide thermal comfort in building. Some similar local climatic strategies in different zones show that in spite of four climatic zones, there are three architectural zones in Gilan which are: shore / plane land zone, mountainous humid zone, mountainous semi arid zone. These strategies are based on design, materials and construction methods which are supporting thermal comfort inside the house in addition to guard the building from harmful climatic phenomena. Therefore, vernacular architecture of rural housing has provided energy conservation and preserving environment with the lowest use of fossil energy. These characteristics have made the rural architecture of this province an obvious example of sustainable architecture. According to the mentioned field study this article will introduce the climatic zones of Gilan and architectural strategies which have been used in vernacular rural housing in every architectural zone. Then according to this knowledge, the climatic architectural indicators for energy saving in rural housing will be provided for each recognized architectural zones. Research method in this study is based on two different data: 1- The meteorology data of 23 existed meteorology stations in Gilan province. These data will give a prediction of the climatic condition of different parts of the region. The needed data are temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation, freezing days and etc. 2- The information of the villages that are far from the meteorology stations. This information is gathered by field study which is used as a complementary for the station data to analyze local climatic conditions and to recognize the climatic zones. Field study data are climatic, geographic and cultural data of 139 selected villages that are gathered by the questionnaire and 80 villages that are gathered from library resources.
Finally, climatic indicators are explored for designing low energy rural houses in each architectural zone. This information is provided in two main groups. The first one is the general subjects such as architectural space arrangement, shape and texture of the settlement, buildings’ accumulation, neighborhood conditions, building characteristics, mass and void size and relationship. The other group is the secondary elements such as open, semi open and indoor space characteristics, opening and envelops materials and construction technology of the building.
