بررسي تطبيقي عناصر آييني و جنگاوري در شاهنامه و سمك عيار

A Comparative Study of Ritualistic and Warrior-like Elements in the Shah-name  Sammak-e-Ayyar

يكي از سازه هاي بنيادين آثار حماسي، وجود بن مايه جنگ است. جنگ در اين آثار، محوري براي شكل گيري شبكه درهم تنيده اي از عناصر است كه بسته به نوع آثار، داراي بسامد و گستردگي‌هاي متنوعي است و يكي از جنبه هاي مرتبط با اين بن مايه،كه در هيچ اثري قابل تقليد و پيروي نيست، جلوه وصف پيكارها، آوردگاه ها و جنگاوران است. سمك عيار (585ه.ق) يكي از داستان هاي بلند حماسي ـ پهلواني منثور فارسي و نخستين نمونه از آثار پرتعداد اين جريان ادبي است كه پيوندي آشكار با شاهنامه دارد. اين مقاله كوشيده است، در راستاي ترسيم طرح و الگويي در باب تقسيم بندي گزاره هاي حماسي، نخست با ارايه الگويي چهارگانه از تلميحات شاهنامه اي موجود در سمك عيار، تاثير شاهنامه فردوسي بر اين اثر را، نمايان سازد و سپس عناصر كاربردي جنگ در سمك عيار را در چهار بخش انساني، آييني، عيني و رفتاري، همراه با ذكر نمونه هايي تطبيقي از شاهنامه، بررسي كند. هدف از اين پژوهش، نماياندن بازتاب ميراث حماسي شاهنامه در سمك عيار و توصيف ساختار حماسي-پهلواني اين اثر است.

The comparative research about the common features and roots of the Shah-name, the most renowned Iranian national epic and the most comprehensive and authoritative source of heroic narratives, with other works of the same nature in verse and prose is a long story and cannot be adequately addressed in a limited scope. However, the present article aims at describing one or more common aspects. One of the fundamental structures of the epic works is the struggle motif. War in these works forms an axis around which an intertwined network of elements is gathered and, depending on the types of genres involved, the motif appears with varying degrees of frequency and extent. One of these inimitable aspects is depicting the scenes of struggles, battlefields and warriors. Sammak-e-Ayyar (585 A.H) is a long heroic epic tale in prose which is the first sample of numerous works of the same nature. Evidently, this work has close affinities with the Shah-name. To trace the influences of the Shah-name in Sammak-e-Ayyar, this paper has attempted to show a fourfold pattern within which the allusions of the latter work to the Shah-name can be studied. The study then proceeds to describe war-related elements in Sammak-e-Ayyar with reference to the samples from the Shah-name in four sections examining the human, conventional, objective and behavioral aspects. Despite the whole bulk of studies conducted in the field of epic poetry, up to now, the researchers haven’t suggested any patterns. Therefore, the present research has adopted and studied the struggle motif in the four abovementioned sections. The study aims to display how the epic heritage of the Shah-name is reflected in Sammak-e-Ayyar; a subject that will strike new grounds in the field of literary research. Although the influence can be detected in all epic works, Sammak-e-Ayyar is undoubtedly unique in this respect. Since Sammak-e-Ayyar has received less scholarly attention, our samples will be more taken from this work.