نقد تكويني عكس( بررسي امكان و شيوه كاربرد نقد تكويني در عكاسي )

APPLYING THE GENETIC CRITICISM IN PHOTOGRAPHY

" نقد تكويني" مبتني بر مطالعه فرآيند شكل گيري آثار بر اساس "پيشامتن"ها يعني بقاياي مادي برجامانده از طرح ريزي هاي اوليه منتهي به شكل نهايي آثار است. اين شيوه نقد كه در دهه 70 قرن بيستم م و ابتدا در ادبيات پديد آمد و به تدريج در هنرهاي ديگر، مانند نقاشي نيز به كار گرفته شد، امروزه در محافل هنري و مجامع علمي، علاقمندان فراواني يافته و درحال پيشرفت است، اما هنوز درعرصه عكاسي به كاربرده نشده است. گاه در نقد و بررسي عكس ها، مواجه با نوعي از شرح مراحل توليد عكس ها و يا مسايل پيراموني خلق آنها هستيم، اما اين گزارش ها، مبتني بر اصول و روش نقد تكويني نبوده و اهداف آن را محقق نمي سازند. در اين مقاله، ابتدا پيدايش و روش نقد تكويني و عناصر مربوط به آن، مانند پيرامتن، پيش متن و پيشامتن، بصورت اجمالي معرفي شده است. پس از آن با نگاه به تجارب منتقدان تكويني در عرصه هاي ديگر و بررسي فرآيند هاي خلق عملي عكس، عنصر محوري نقد تكوني يعني پيشامتن، در عكاسي، تعريف شده و امكان و شيوه كاربرد نقد تكويني در عكاسي مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. در پايان نيز به عنوان مثال، عكس "پسرك با نارنجك دستي اسباب بازي" اثر دايان آربُس، تحليل شده است.

Genetic Criticism, founded in 1970s; at the beginning developed in literature studies and gradually in other fields like Painting and Music. This critical approach, is based on the study of Textʹs becoming process, focusing on practical creation of artworks, by analyzing changes in ʹ avant texts ʹ – preliminary forms of final texts, like drafts in writing process or sketches and ethuds in painting. This way , finally, genetic study help us understanding artworks and creating process much better. Nowadays, Genetic Criticism has developed and has many eagers among researchers, critics and academic scholars. But yet Genetic Criticism have not been used in criticizing photographs. However Sometimes writers on photography are explaining circumstances , events and stories behind producing of great photographs or any other photograph, because of methodical differences, these writings are not genetic criticism ones . In this paper, after a short introducing of Genetic Criticism and itʹs main elements - Paratexte, Metatexte, Hypotexte, Avant Texte and Final Text -the possibility, characteristics and the specific method of applying it on photographs has investigated and explained. Reaching this purpose, we have considered Various kinds of working processes in photography , from photojournalism to Fine Arts photography, and we have divided them in two main groups: Realistic and Creative. Also, we have studied practical fabrication of photographs according a three-steps scheme: before shooting, shooting and after shooting. In this respect, we have defined elements of genetic criticism in photography, specially the most important one, named " avant texte " which we have identified its instances in photography include: Negative, Contact Sheet, Testing Prints and so on . Genetic method can be applied in photography through analyzing these elements, related to Paratexts such as photographer,s explanations about camera and other equipment and situation or conditions of making or taking photographs. We have also taked into consideration, differences between Analog And Digital photography in this study. Finally, as an example, one of the most famous photographs, Dian Arbus’s “ Child With a Hand Toy Grenade “ is presented and analyzed, to show elements and using method of Genetic criticism approach in photography. Now, after changes caused by advanced digital technology and progressive complexities in creation process, resulted of using new approachs and styls in photography - like Performance art and Installation- photography is located at the central point of the art world.Thus, thinking about applaying the genetic criticism in photography and designing its method, will enrich gentic method, generally; also it will help criticizing all types of photographs.