تامّلي بر رابطه بازار با روحانيت شيعه در عراق

A Look at the Relationship between the Bazaar and the Shia Clergy in Iraq

طي دوران حكومت صفويه، به ‌واسطه ارتباط نزديك حكومت با ساختار نهاد ديني، حيات ‌اقتصادي بسياري از علما مبتني بر مواجب ديواني وكمك‌هاي اعطايي از طرف دولت بود، اما به?دنبال سقوط صفويه و انتقال مراكز علمي و فقهي شيعه از ايران به عتبات عاليات، از نظر اقتصادي نيز تحوّل عمده‌اي در منابع مالي روحانيت شيعه ايجاد شد. محروميت علما و مجتهدين از حمايت‌هاي مالي دولت، آنان را در شرايطي قرار داد كه مجبور شدند تا با تجديد نظر?در ساختارهاي اقتصادي و اجتماعي خود، آنها را بر بنيان‌هاي جديدي بنا نهند. در اين ?ميان، ارتباط علما با بازار، امكان برخورداري از منابع جديد مالي را به آنان اعطانمود. علي‌رغم ارتباط ديرينه بازار با روحانيت شيعه به نظر مي‌رسد از نيمه دوم قرن? نوزدهم ميلادي، مفهوم جديدي از اتحاد بازار با روحانيت ساكن در عتبات شكل‌گرفت. بررسي ماهيت و نحوه تعامل دوسويه بازار ايران و عراق با روحانيت ساكن در عتبات، در كنار تاثير ساختار سياسي دو كشور بر شدّت و ضعف اين تعامل، اساس مقاله پيش روي را? تشكيل مي‌دهد.

During the Safavid rule, due to the close relationship between the government and the structure of religious institution, the economic life of many religious leaders was based on the bureaucratic salaries and aids granted by the government. However, after the fall of Safavids and transfer of the Shia scientific and juridico-religious centres (i.e. seminaries) from Iran to the holy cities of Iraq, a major economic development occurred to the financial sources of the Shia clergy. The deprivation of ulam? (religious leaders) and mujtahids (jurisprudents) from the government’s financial support put them in a situation that they were compelled to rebuild their social and economic structures on new foundations by revising those structures. In this situation, the relationship between ulam? and bazaar (the market) allowed them utilizing a new financial source. Despite an old relationship existing between bazaar and the Shia clergy, it seems that a new notion of the unity between bazaar and the clergy living in the holy cities of Iraq had been formed since the second half of the 19th century. This paper intends to study the nature and quality of mutual relationship of the Iranian and Iraqi bazaars with the clergy living in the holy cities of Iraq, as well as the effect of the two countries’ political structures on the intensity of this relationship.