ويكتور هوگو، نويسنده ي قهرمان پروريا قهرمان سخنوري

Victor Hugo, the hero maker writer or the master of eloquence

مفهوم تعهد نزد نويسندگان فرانسوي ريشه در تحولات سياسي و اجتماعي قرن نوزدهم فرانسه دارد. مانند بسياري از شاعران و نويسندگان نسل رمانتيك، ويكتور هوگو نيز نويسنده اي متعهد بود، اما اين تعهد نزد او به شيوه اي خاص در آثارش متبلور مي گرديد؛ زيرا كه هوگو به عنوان يك نويسنده در كنار خلق آثار ادبي، خود شخصا" به معناي واقعي درگير مسايل سياسي و اجتماعي جامعه ي خويش بود. هوگو داراي لقبي چون "پر دو فرانس" بوده و علاوه بر آن از سالهاي 1845 تا 1885 يعني تا آخرين روزهاي عمر خويش نماينده اي فعال در مجلس ملي و مجلس سناي فرانسه بود. در تريبون همين مجامع مختلف بود كه هوگو سخنراني هاي سياسي مي كرد و در نقش يك خطيب و سخنراني پر شور به عنوان متفكري مبارز جلوه مي نمود. هدف ما در اين مقاله اين است كه حالت هاي نمايشي ويكتور هوگو را از وراي سخنراني هاي سياسي اش مورد بررسي قرار دهيم. به عبارت ديگر مي خواهيم بدانيم كه آيا ارتباط و يا تشابهي ميان سخنراني هاي سياسي هوگو با سخنان و كلام قهرمانان داستاني و نمايشي وي وجود دارد؟ در اين مقاله سعي مي كنيم نشان دهيم كه هوگو در بيان و ارايه ي خطابه هاي سياسي خود تا چه حد از قهرمانان داستان ها و نمايش نامه هاي خويش الهام مي گرفته است و اينكه اين نحوه از سخنراني هاي سياسي - نمايشي چه تاثيري بر مخاطبانش داشته است.

The concept of commitment for French writers routed in political and social movement in 19th century of France. Like many other writers and poets of Romantic period, Victor Hugo was a committed writer but this commitment was shown in his special way, It is because Hugo as a writer beside creating literary work ; involved in social and political problems of his society. Hugo had some titles such "Pair de France", moreover from 1845 to 1885, up to the last moment of his life, he was an active member of national parliament and senate of France. It was in those meetingʹs tribune that Hugo presented his political lectures and appeared in the role of a passionate lecturer and a brave thinker. The well-known writer demonstrated the exciting lectures in the political assembling of France and it caused to represent Hugoʹs commitment in literary and political fields. The purpose of this essay is to study the dramatic modes of Victor Hugo based on his political lectures. On the other hand we want to know if there is many connection or similarity between Hugoʹs political lectures and speeches of heroʹs in his novels and dramas. In this essay we want to show how much Hugo has been inspired by the heroes of his stories and dramas, to make his political mode lectures how much this way of political – dramatically lectures has been accepted by the audiences?