جستاري در واژگان شرعي قرآن

A survey on the meanings of religious words of Quran

پرسشي كه در اين مقاله پي گرفته مي شود، اين است كه آيا واژگان شرعي چون نماز، طهارت، زكات، روزه، حج و جز آنها كه در آيات قرآن به كار رفته، پيش از اسلام به همين معاني شرعي معهود كاربرد داشته يا اين معاني را پس از اسلام يافته‌اند. ميان علماي اسلامي اختلاف نظر است. برخي بر اين نظرند كه اين واژگان قبل از اسلام معناي شرعي نداشته‌اند؛ بلكه به معناي لغوي نظير دعا، پاكي و قصد به كار مي‌رفتند و پس از اسلام، اين معاني شرعي را يافتند. در مقابل نيز ديدگاه برخي از علماي اسلام آن است كه واژگان شرعي، قبل از شكل گيري شريعت اسلام، به همين معاني شرعي معهود بودند و با ظهور اسلام، تنها شروطي به حقايق مربوط به هر يك اضافه شد و يا جزيياتي از آنها تغيير يافت. بررسي پيشينه مقولات شرعي در آيات، روايات، عهدين و تاريخ قبل از اسلام، مويّد آن است كه واژگان شرعي، قبل از اسلام نيز پيشينه دارند و در نتيجه اين نظريه كه بعد از ظهور اسلام حقيقت شرعي شدند، مردود به نظر مي رسد.

The question of this paper is whether religious words such as prayer, purity, charity, fasting, Hajj and others that are used in verses of the Quran have been applied for the meanings that are used in Islam or these words was used for different meanings and after Islam their meanings were improved. As we may know there is a disagreement over this matter between Muslim thinkers and some believes that these words were free of any religious meaning before the inception of Islam. According to this view these words were literally used for meanings as prayer, purity and intention and it was just after Islam that their meanings were changed to religious ones. On the other side there are some thinkers who think that these words had the same meanings as they possess after Islam and the inception of Islam caused their reality to be changed in some way. Studying the history of these words in verses, narratives and in the Bible shows that the words in question were used before Islam and the opinion that they possessed their reality as religious ones after the inception of Islam cannot be true.