روند دولت–ملت‌سازي در بوسني و هرزگووين (با نگاهي به آينده)

The trend of state – nation building in bosnia & herzegovinaA look at future

جمهوري بوسني و هرزگووين كشوري است چند نژادي متشكل از سه نژاد اصلي(مسلمان، كروات و صرب)و15اقليت ديگر، در بخش مركزي شبه جزيره بالكان كه پس از يك دوره درگيري‌هاي خونين داخلي، سرانجام بر پايه مفاد توافق‌نامه صلح ديتون در سال1995، در مسيرصلح و آغاز روند دولت- ملت‌سازي قرار گرفت. بر پايه اين توافق گروه‌هاي متخاصم نژادي در دو موجوديت سياسي جداگانه به نامفدراسيون بوسني و هرزگووين و جمهوري صربسكا در قالب يك كشور در كنار هم قرار داده شدند تا يك واحد سياسي مستقل بنام جمهوري بوسني هرزگووين را به وجود آورند. سوال اساسي در اينجاست كه پس از گذشت16سال روند دولت–ملت‌سازي در اين كشور به چه ميزان موفق بوده است؟ در اين نوشتار تلاش مي‌شود تا با نگاهي به تاريخچه بوسني هرزگووين و بررسي ساختارها و نهادهاي قانوني در اين كشورو آخرين تحولات آن، اين فرضيه ثابت گردد كه اگرچه توافق ديتون با حمايت امريكا و اروپا در جهت ايجاد ساختارهاي پيچيده دولت سازي توفيقاتي را به‌دست آورده، اما مردم اين كشور با اصرار بر حفظ هويت نژادي خود، از ملت‌سازي و ايجاد آرمان‌هاي واحد ملي استقبال نكرده و احتمال بروز بحران‌هاي تازه هويتي و تجزيه اين كشور در آينده منتفي نيست.

Bosnia Herzegovina is a multiracial country in the center of Balkan Peninsula. This country after a period of bloody internal conflicts, which lasted from 1990-1995, finally in 1995 started nation state building process based on Dayton Agreement. In Dayton Peace Agreement, that was signed by the support of EU and US between the leaders of Muslims, Croats and Serbs as the three main groups in Bosnia Herzegovina, a highly complicated structure of government formation in different layers has been anticipated . These ethnic groups under two separate political entities, naming the Federation of “Bosnia Herzegovina” and “Republika Srpska” have been located next to each other in the format of “state” to setup a political entity in the name of Bosnia Herzegovina. Now the main question is whether this country, which based on the provisions of Dayton Agreement as the constitution, has taken the right path for state and nation building? After 16 years since the secession of armed clashes, to what extend this process has been successful? In this thesis, efforts have been made that by looking back into the historical records of Bosnia Herzegovina as well as examining the complicated legal structures of this country, to prove this hypothesis that although in Bosnia Herzegovina complicated structures of government building have been formed, however, the people by insisting on their ethnical identity have moved on in the direction of nation-building in the concept of national unit ideals. It seems that the country is apt for another round of identity crisis, inter-ethnical clashes and disintegration in the future, if the outside and international pressures together with the financial assistances from international organizations such as World Bank are vanished