مبناي فقهي قانون عمليات بانكي بدون ربا

The Jurisprudential Foundation of the Interest-Free Banking Operations Act

بعد از پيروزي انقلاب اسلامي، باور عمومي اين بود كه معاملات بانكها براساس قرارداد قرض است و چون در غالب موارد همراه با بهره است، از ديدگاه اسلام ربا و حرام است. به دنبال اين باور، انديشه بانكداري بدون ربا شكل گرفت و بعد از بحثهاي مفصّل، «قانون عمليات بانكي بدون ربا» به تصويب رسيد و از ابتداي سال 1363 به‌صورت رسمي به اجرا درآمد. از همان سالهاي نخست تصويب و اجراي قانون مزبور، مبناي فقهي آن محل مناقشه‌ بوده است و برخي با ارايه نظريه‌هاي مختلف معتقدند معاملات بانكداري متعارف، ربوي نيست و از نظر فقه اسلامي مشكلي ندارد و تصويب قانون فوق ناشي از سو تفاهم يكسان‌انگاري ربا و بهره بانكي است. اين مقاله با نقد اين نظريه‌ها، مبناي فقهي قانون جديد، مبني بر يكسان بودن ربا و بهره بانكي را به اثبات مي‌رساند.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, it was commonly believed that banking transactions were based on the contract of qarz (loan) and since they were mainly associated with interest, they inevitably resulted in riba (usury) and thus were illegal according to the Islamic law. Following this belief, the idea of free-interest banking was developed and after detailed discussions on this issue in legal circles, Free-Interest Banking Operations Act was enacted and came into force since early 1363/1985. Soon after the enactment and enforcement of the Act, its jurisprudential (feqhi) foundations provoked fierce controversies among experts and thinkers. Some thinkers hold the view that current banking transactions are not rabavi (leading to riba) and that the enactment of the Act was the result of the confusion between the concept of riba and that of the banking interest. Criticizing these theories, this article seeks to demonstrate the jurisprudential foundations of the new law and the idea that riba and banking interest are one and the same thing.