دين و دولت در جست‌وجوي اقتدار و مشروعيت

Religion and State in Pursuit of Authority and Legitimacy (An Inquiry Concerning Relation between State and Religion in Christianity and Judaism)

بحث در باب رابطه دين و سياست يا دين و دولت، ديرزماني است كه در محافل سياسي و علمي غرب، و به دنبال آن در نزد برخي از روشنفكران جوامع اسلامي مطرح است و به زمانه حاضر محدود نمي‌شود. در اين نوشتار نشان داده خواهد شد كه: الف) در طول تاريخ تفكر غرب از يك سو، حاكمان سياسي براي حفظ اقتدار خود نيازمند كسب مشروعيت ديني بوده‌اند و از اين رو به غلبه بر دين يا دست‌كم تعامل با آن روي آورده‌اند، و از سوي ديگر، متوليان امور ديني و ارباب كليسا همواره در پي كسب اقتدار سياسي دولت يا غلبه بر آن برآمده‌اند؛ ب) بايد ميان گوهر دين، به عنوان امري آسماني و مقدس و متوليان امور ديني يا ارباب كليسا تمييز نهاد و نبايد ناتواني آنان در تشكيل حكومت ديني موفق را كه ناشي از آلوده شدن آنان به فساد و دنياطلبي و ثروت‌اندوزي بوده است، به نام دين ثبت كرد. دين يهود و مسيحيت، اگرچه ادياني نوپا، ناكامل و متناسب با زمانه خاصي است، چنانچه از تحريف‌ها و خرافه‌ها پيراسته شود و به اصل و منشا آغازين خود بازگردد، در زمينه حكومت و شيوه اداره جامعه ناگفته‌هاي بسيار دارد؛ ج) به فرض اينكه دين يهود و مسيحيت توان اداره جامعه را نداشته باشد، نبايد به موجب قاعده حكم الامثال، به انكار رابطه دين و دولت در دين مبين اسلام كه كامل‌ترين و جامع‌ترين اديان است، برخاست و شعار كلي جدايي دين از سياست را سر داد.

Discussion about relation between Religion and politics or State has been proposed for long time in east and west. So it is not limited to our nation and or period. In this paper we will show that: A) in throughout of the history of western thought from one side political governors (Kaiser) for surviving their domain and authorities need to protect by legitimacy of religion; on the other hand, all the popes and bishops of Church were in pursuit of authority that belong to Kaiser. Although there were times that they tried to conquer to each other. B) We must distinguish between the nature of religion, as a heavenly and sacred object, and the managers of church (pope or bishop) and their actions. Because their disability in establishing a real society and formulating good rules for conducting of the society should not ascribe to the religion itself. But it was due to their deviation and tainting with corruption and a kind of secularism. Christianity and Judaism although were the period of religion’s infancy that only reveled for the people who lived in the past; could be efficient religions for society if we can purify them from legend, myth and ambitiousness and refer them to the time of Jesus and Moses themselves, or to what they really thought. C) Suppose that Christianity and Judaism could not conduct human beings affairs, we are not allowed to deny the relation between State and Religion totally and universalize this rule and conclude that all the religions, even Islam has nothing to do with State.