مفهوم‌شناسي شيعه در منابع اهل سنت

Studying the Concept of Shia in Sunni Sources

در منابع مختلف شيعه معادل اصطلاحات و مفاهيم متعددي بكار رفته است كه هريك نيازمند توضيح و تشريح تخصصي است. صرف نظر از اين تنوع مي‌توان اين مفاهيم را در چند گروه اصلي دسته‌بندي كرد: شيعه محب، شيعه جلد و رافضي( اعم از مقيت، خبيث و غالي) اين اصطلاحات، از سده‌هاي ميانه به بعد، دچار تغيير مفهومي‌شدند؛ بطوري كه، اصطلاح شيعه، به طور مطلق، به كساني گفته شد كه در گذشته، رافضي غالي ناميده مي‌شدند. در سده‌هاي نخستين مطابق عرف معمول شيعه غالي به كساني اطلاق مي‌شد كه به عثمان، زبير، طلحه، معاويه و مخالفان علي(ع) انتقاد داشتند و به آنها دشنام مي‌دادند. اما در دوره‌هاي بعد، غالي، به كسي گفته مي‌شد كه ضمن كافر دانستن مخالفان علي(ع) از شيخين هم بيزاري مي‌جستند. هم‌چنين، شيعه در قرون نخستين اسلامي، كسي بود كه تنها به تقدم علي(ع) بر عثمان اكتفا مي‌كرد؛ ولي در سده هشتم- قطع نظر از اين كه رافضي يا غالي خوانده شود- صحابه- حتي شيخين- را تكفير مي‌كرد و دشنام مي‌داد. بدين ترتيب بررس تغييرات اصطلاحي و مفهوي شيعه از سده‌هاي نخستين به بعد و تشريح معناي متعدد آن با رويكرد تبييني در منابع اهل سنت و تمييز تشيع عراقي از اصطلاح تشيع كوفي دستامد اين پژوهش است.

In various sources, the term “Shia” is used differently with different meanings; each of which necessitates technical descriptions and explanations. Regardless of this variety of definitions, we can classify the concept into several main categories: the Muhib Shia (those who love the Ahl-al-Bayt), the Jalad Shia (the bigoted Shia), the Rafedi ( including the Muqit, Khabith or Ghali). Such expressions have changed their meanings since middle centauries; in a way that the term “Shia” was absolutely used to refer to formerly called Ghali Rafedi. During the early Islamic years, the term Ghali Shia was commonly used to refer to those who criticized and cursed Ali’s opponents including Uthman, Talha, Zobair, Muawiya. However, during later periods, Ghali was used to refer to those who recognized Ali’s opponents as unbelievers or pagans and detested the first two Caliphs (Omar and Abu Bakr). Furthermore, while Shia in its early definition referred to those who believed in the priority of Imam Ali (A) over Uthman, during the eighth centaury—regardless of being called Rafedi or Ghali-- it was used to refer to those who accused the companions—even Sheikhein—to heresy and cursed them. In other words, a person who was called Shia during the early centuries is not currently called Shia anymore. Studying the changes to this concept from early centuries onward and explaining its various meanings based on Sunni sources plus differentiating the concept of Iraqi Shiism from that of Kufi Shiism are what this study aims to accomplish.