احياي فرهنگ و سنت در معماري معاصر هند/ تحليل شيوه معاصر منظرسازي محمد شهير

Revival of culture and tradition in Indian contemporary architecture/ Landscaping contemporary method analyze of Mohammad Shahir

سازگاري و تعامل گروه‌هاي گوناگون فرهنگي و آييني در هند سبب تنوع شخصيتي و پديداري فرهنگ و هويتي تركيبي براي اين شبه قاره شده است. تنوع اجتماعي، اقتصادي و به‌خصوص تنوع فرهنگي و عدم مديريت آن و همچنين توسعه صنعتي و تكنولوژيك، هند را با بحران هويت در ابعاد مختلف و از جمله در فضاها، فرم‌هاي زيستي و شهرهاي كلان مواجه كرده است. در كنار اين، استعمار و به ‌دنبال آن نفوذ شهرسازي و معماري غربي نيز بر بي‌هويتي شهرهاي هند دامن زد به‌طوري كه امروز جنبه‌هاي فرهنگي و انطباق اقليمي در طراحي‌هاي معماري فراموش شده است. در چنين شرايطي پارك‌ها و فضاهاي سبز هند با الگوهاي انگليسي ساخته مي‌شدند. اين پروژه‌ها به‌جاي طرح منظرين، صرفاً پروژهاي باغباني بودند كه بي‌ارتباط با محيط پيرامون طراحي مي‌شدند. در اين دوران نقش نسل نخست معماران و معماران منظر هندي فارغ‌التحصيل دانشگاه‌هاي بين‌المللي در بازيافتن و نقش دادن به هويت هندي در حركت رو به توسعه و پيشرفت كشور هند تعيين‌كننده بود. محمد شهير نمونه موفق معمار منظر هندي، با توجه بيشتر به سايت‌هاي تاريخي و بازسازي آنها، اصول برآمده از معماري سنتي هند را با زندگي امروز و شرايط فرهنگي آن تلفيق كرد و تركيبي موفق از سنتي و مدرن در فضاهاي شهري را پديد آورد و توانست با طيف وسيع پروژه‌هاي منظرين، فرهنگ هندي را براي بازديدكنندگان به نمايش بگذارد. در اين نوشتار پس از مروري بر روند تحولات معماري منظر هند قبل و بعد از استقلال و نسبت آن با هويت و فرهنگ هندي، به رويكرد هويت‌گراي محمد شهير در اين حوزه به‌خصوص در پروژه‌هاي بناي يادبود راجيو گاندي "Vir Bhumi"، باغ موزه "Sanskriti Foundation" و ميدان شهري چوك "Chowk-Town Square" پرداخته خواهد شد.

Adaptation and interaction of various cultural and ritual groups in India, cause personality variation, and culture emergence, and combined identity for this subcontinent. Social, economical and especially cultural variation and its Lack of management, also Industrial and technological development, face India an identity crisis in different aspects such as biological spaces and forms, and its metropolises. Beside this, colonialism and then Influence of western Architecture & Urbanism rised the lack of identity of Indian cities so that cultural aspects and climatic variation in architectural design has been forgotten today. In such conditions, parks and green spaces with Imported designs which adapt to english patterns were made in Indian cities. These landscape plans were just horticulture projects which were designed unrelated to the environment. In this era the Influence of the first generation of Indian architects and landscape architects graduated from the International Universities, on regaining Indian indentity determined developing movement of India. By the development wave of Indian landscape architecture and refusing the failed modern principles by Indian landscape architects in Indian cities while the colonial culture had caused non-Indian landscaping method, and cultural multiplicity had increased identity crisis solution of Indian urban spaces, landscape architects such as Mohammad Shahir entered landscaping field. Mohammad Shahir a successful example of Indian landscape architects, incorporated Indian traditional architecture principles with Indian today-lifestyle, and its cultural conditions, and created successful combination of tradition and modernity in urban spaces by more considering to historical lands and restoring them, and could display his visitors the showing of Indian culture by his own various landscape projects. Simplicity, proper understanding the site, and project requirements with a creative approach to environmental issues are Shahir’s design philosophy and with a new vision to an urban space, he starts designing. His designing basis is traditional principles of Indian landscaping which adapt to today’s needs. He tries to bring an experience of Indian culture to the visitors by focusing on the space natures, activities and by creating visual effects and to provide an experience of the tradition in today modern world for the residents by rereading traditional landscape in an old Tissues. In the article, the identity-oriented approach of Mohammad Shahir will be discussed in this field especially in Rajiv Gandi Monument "Vir Bhumi",graden Museum "Sanskriti Foundation" and "Chowk-Town Square" projects, after reviewing development processes of Indian landscape architecture before and after independence, and its ratio with Indian identity and culture.