مدل مفهومي و چارچوب تحليلي ساختار فضايي ـ عملكردي باززنده‌سازي بافت‌هاي تاريخي، با تكيه بر گردشگري شهري

Conceptual Model and Analytical Framework of Functional – Spatial Structure of Historical Context Revitalization Emphasize on Urban Tourism, Case Study: Tehran Central Zone

محدوده مركزي شهرها كه گنجينه‌اي گرانبها از تاريخ و فرهنگ جامعه را در خود جاي داده‌اند، مقاصد مهمي در جذب گردشگر محسوب مي‌شوند. با‌توجه به رابطه متقابل ميان توسعه گردشگري و باززنده‌سازي بافت‌هاي تاريخي، بهره‌برداري از ميراث فرهنگي و تاريخي دربردارنده منافع بسياري در زمينه‌هاي اقتصادي، اجتماعي، فرهنگي و كالبدي براي جوامع عرضه‌كننده آنهاست. اين مقاله بر ‌آن است تا ضمن بررسي آثار مثبت و منفي توسعه گردشگري بر بافت‌هاي تاريخي در زمينه‌هاي اقتصادي و اجتماعي و كالبدي، و با استفاده از تجارب جهاني در امر باززنده‌سازي فضاهاي شهري كهن و اصول و معيارهاي مستخرج از جمع‌بندي آنها، به شناسايي مولفه‌ها و عناصر فضايي‌ـ ‌عملكردي باززنده‌سازي بافت‌هاي تاريخي، با محوريت توسعه گردشگري شهري بپردازد. نوشتار حاضر، پژوهشي تحليلي ـ ‌توصيفي و مبتني بر مطالعات كتابخانه‌اي و برداشت‌هاي ميداني است. بدين منظور پس از معرفي محدوده مركزي تهران به عنوان نمونه موردي، مولفه‌هاي اصلي باززنده‌سازي فضاهاي تاريخي شهرها در قالب ماتريس سوات در محدوده مركزي تهران مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفته است. نتايج اين تحليل حاكي از آن‌اند كه عواملي چون فرسودگي بافت و بناهاي ارزشمند، گريز جمعيت اصيل و رنگ باختن يا از بين رفتن فعاليت‌هاي متناسب با هويت محدوده، زيرساخت‌هاي ناكارآمد، حركت دشوار سواره و پياده، اغتشاش سازمان فضايي، و ناخوانايي ساختار كالبدي از جمله موانع عمده محدوده مورد بحث، براي تبديل شدن به مركز فرهنگي و گردشگري تهران به شمار مي‌آيند.

In today’s world, tourism industry is one of the major sources of income and is the main factors in cultural exchanges, and holds a special place as the world’s largest service industry. Tourism as large industries is a phenomenon that has high mobility in the economic, political, social, and environment. As far as many pundits consider the tourist as a unique opportunity for local and national economic. Urban tourism is excelled in variety of tourism which has the most customers; So that because special place of city, in many countries which success in this industry, city is the foundation of the tourism development. Urban tourism within the framework of a spatial sample has different versions, which is on the base of attractive place in a city, events and tourism motivations. As the central limit of cities fit the history and culture treasure of the society into themselves, they are very important to attract tourist. Historic- cultural spaces of cities are the living evidence of ancient traditions and styles of thought, art and architecture and urban style of their creators, and hence, they are attractive and interesting for people, and have an important role in attracting tourists and investment to the city. There for, economy of city’s historic center forms by industry and tourism activities. Considering interrelation between urban tourism and revitalization of historical context, exploitation of cultural and historical heritage, specially for tourism development and exhibitor societies, will have many profits in the fields of economy, society, culture and mold, as well, tourism development can have an important role to protect and revive of these places. Although, in the field of tourism, contrast between humanity and historical and cultural space of the city can have positive effects on tourism and historical context, but it can also imply considerable negative effects, specially for host society if there is not a strategic and complete program. With this general foreground, this article aim to study the positive and negative effects of tourism development on the historical context in different terms of economy, society and mold. And also through the global experiences in the field of revitalization of old city’s spaces and their standards and basics, we can identify functional - special components of historic context revitalization which are on the base of tourism development axis. This article is an analyzing - descriptive inquiry and consists many of documentary study and visual and place concept. Thus, after introducing the central limit of Tehran as case study, the main components of the city historical spaces of their revitalization will be analyzed in the SWOT matrix framework. The result of this analyze indicate that the factors such as exhaustion of context and valuable historical buildings, desertion of authentic population and appropriate activity according to the identify of that place, ineffective infrastructure, difficult movement of pedestrian and equestrian, commotion between spatial conformation and inappropriate mold construction, are the most important obstacle or defect for city of Tehran to be a cultural and tourism center.