بررسي تاثير شهرنشيني بر روابط اجتماعي در شهر بوشهر (آزمون نظريه لوييس ويرث)

The Effects of Urbanization on Social Relations in the city of Bushehr

نظريه‌ شهري شدن لوييس ويرث ادعا مي‌كند كه شهر نشيني بر خانواده و روابط خانوادگي تاثير منفي مي‌گذارد و موجب كاهش روابط صميمي و اعتماد مي‌شود . هدف اين تحقيق كه يك مطالعه مقايسه‌اي است؛ بررسي اين مساله است كه آيا بين افراد شهرنشين و غير شهرنشين از لحاظ برخي مولفه‌هاي روابط انساني مانند انسجام اجتماعي، احساس داشتن كنترل روي زندگي؛ اعتماد ورزي، ميزان مشاركت اجتماعي و دارا بودن روابط نزديك با اقوام و دوستان تفاوت معناداري وجود دارد. جامعه آماري تحقيق شامل شهروندان ساكن بوشهر و ديّر -كه هنوز شهري نشده است- در استان بوشهر است كه از بين آنها با استفاده از رابطه كوكران 397 نفر (200 نفر از بوشهر و 197 نفر از ديّر) با روش نمونه گيري تصادفي ساده به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. روش تحقيق پيمايش و تكنيك جمع آوري اطلاعات پرسشنامه بوده است. براي سنجش اعتبار پرسشنامه از اعتبار صوري و براي سنجش پايايي پرسشنامه از آلفاي كرونباخ استفاده شد. يافته‌هاي تحقيق حاكي از آن است كه شهرنشيني روي اعتماد اجتماعي، انسجام اجتماعي و مشاركت اجتماعي افراد تاثير منفي معني داري داشته است ولي روي گسترش معيارهاي عام گرايانه، احساس بي كنترلي و داشتن روابط و اتكا روي خانواده و اقوام تاثير چنداني نداشته است.

Louis Wirthsʹs urbanization theory claims that urbanization adversely affects the institution of the family and family relations and also reduces intimate ties and trusting relationships. Research in this area has not yet reached a consensus. This study aims to find out if urbanization significantly affects people as far as social and family relations are concerned. Using Wirthʹs theory of "urbanization as a way of life", the present study (which is a comparative one) will investigate whether urban dwellers and non-urban dwellers are significantly different with regards to social solidarity, trust, social participation, control over oneʹs own life, and close ties with relatives and friends. The research population included all residents of the city of Bushehr (an urban area) and Dayer (a non-urban area) in Bushehr province. Using Cochranʹs formula, 397 individuals (200 from Bushehr and 197 from Dayer) were randomly selected. Reliability Alpha values for all scales were equal to or above 0.70. The findings showed that urbanization had a small but statistically significant effect on social trust, social solidarity, and social participation, but no such effects were found regarding the spread of universalistic criteria, control over oneʹs life, and reliance on family members. Since research findings showed that generalized trust was relatively low, and acknowledging that other researchers have found that intense social relations and social participation can increase trust, it is suggested that city officials promote and strengthen the development of "neighborhoods" as a way to enhance informal social control and thereby increase social trust.