تداوم منظر فرهنگي/ احيا و بازآفريني يك باغ تاريخي

The Cultural Landscape Continuity/ Reconstruction and Revitalization of a Historic Garden

در فرانسه با پيشينه غني باغسازي، باغ‌هاي تاريخي به عنوان عظيم‌ترين ميراث فرهنگي بشر، بخش قابل توجه و مهمي را در ميان سايت‌هاي تاريخي اين كشور به خود اختصاص داده است. در 100 سال اخير نظريات و رويكرد‌هاي متنوعي در برخورد با سايت‌هاي تاريخي مطرح شده و به لحاظ رويكردي و تكنيكي در احياي سايت‌هاي تاريخي تضارب و تشابه فراواني از احياي حداقلي تا بازسازي حداكثري مورد توجه مسيولان و طراحان بوده است. در اين ميان در دهه‌هاي اخير بحث مناظر فرهنگي و حفاظت از باغ‌هاي تاريخي بخش عمده‌اي از مباحث حفاظتي و احياي سايت‌ها و ميراث‌هاي فرهنگي_ تاريخي را به خود اختصاص داده است. ايكوموس (ICOMOS)، كميته بين‌المللي ابنيه و سايت‌هاي تاريخي، 3 كنفرانس مهم منشور ونيز (1966)، منشور بورا (1981) و منشور فلورانس (1982) را در خصوص احياي محوطه‌هاي تاريخي برگزار كرد. در منشور فلورانس بحث احياي باغ‌هاي تاريخي مورد تاكيد و توجه قرار گرفته است. اين منشور، باغ‌هاي تاريخي را به عنوان يادبودهاي تاريخي معرفي مي‌كند و تمام ويژگي‌هاي طبيعي و فرهنگي را مورد توجه قرار مي‌دهد. باغ‌هاي تاريخي بخشي از منظر فرهنگي هستند كه در نتيجه همپوشاني و تعامل ميان فرهنگ و طبيعت پديد مي‌آيند، بنابراين در احياي آنها، تنها نگهداري و حفاظت از كالبد باغ به معناي تداوم ارزش‌هاي ناملموس منظر نيست و سبب از بين رفتن اين ارزش‌هاي فرهنگي مي‌شود. باغ‌ها به عنوان شاخص‌ترين مصداق منظر كه در زمينه‌هاي مختلف فرهنگي و تاريخي نمودهاي متفاوتي يافته‌اند، در هر زمينه مخاطب خاص خود را دارند و علاوه بر لايه‌هاي طبيعي و زيست‌محيطي داراي لايه‌هاي ارزشمند تاريخي و فرهنگي هستند، بنابراين نمي‌توان به احياي آنها در چهارچوبي محدود و با تبصره‌هاي مشخص پرداخت. اين امر نيازمند رويكردي انعطاف‌پذير است كه معمار منظر با مطالعه منظر فرهنگي و تاريخي سايت و شناخت جنبه‌هاي مختلف شكل دهنده به منظر باغ در ابعاد مختلف، در كنار توجه به اصول و قواعد احيا و حفاظت به مرمت باغ بپردازد. اين نوشتار تلاش مي‌كند از وراي تحليل و معرفي پارك ويلارسو (villarceaux)، رويكرد منظرين آلن پروو در برخورد با باغ تاريخي و احياي آن را مورد توجه قرار دهد.

Benefiting from a rich background of gardening, French sites have been allocated to considerable historic gardens known as the greatest human cultural heritage. There have been diverse approaches and theories about encountering these historical sites in the past 100 years. As a result multiple similar and contrary theories including the least reclamation to the most reconstruction have been discussed technically. Among the mentioned theories, cultural landscape and preservation of historical garden have been the most negotiated preservation and socio-cultural heritage and site restoration theories in the past decades. ICOMOS, the international council on monuments and sites, had held three congresses of Venice Charter (1966), Burra Charter (1981) and Florence Charter (1982) about the conversation of monuments and sites. The Florence Charter focuses mainly on the historic gardens and considers them as historic memoires and gives great importance to its natural and cultural characteristics. Historic gardens are a part of cultural landscape which are resulted out of the mutual relations and interactions between culture and nature. Taking the landscape semantic aspects into consideration is more important than the physical features in restoration of such gardens. Therefore, maintaining and preserving the physics of a garden are not effective in continuity of garden values and will lead to loss of these cultural values. Gardens, as a foremost example of landscape which have been showcased in diverse historic and cultural aspects, have natural and ecological layers as well as valuable historic and cultural layers; As a result, their reclamation cannot be fulfilled in a confined and limited framework. It requires a flexible approach to provide the landscape designer with recognition of the cultural and historic landscape of the site in order to restore the garden based on the reclamation and preservation principles. Preservation and continuity of natural and historic values that reveal the culture and beliefs of the people in a region and demonstrate the interaction between human and nature throughout history are the main objectives in reclamation of a cultural landscape. The revival and reclamation of a cultural landscape and bringing it back to life and existence will eventually lead to environmental and natural reclamation as well as continuity of human and the surrounding nature interaction. Alain Provost’s approach in the cultural landscape project of Villarceaux Park was taking into consideration the historic background and the specific qualities and characteristics of French gardens and embodying them in minimal and abstract shapes. In this project preservation of historic elements of the site has been the main interests of the landscape architect that have been formed over time and adapted to the modern life. Holding public and cultural events such as concerts in the park has been very effective to its reclamation and its presence in the daily lives of citizens. This paper tries to discuss Alain Provost’s approaches to historic gardens and their reclamation through introducing and analyzing the Villarceaux Park.