قاعده ارش و حكومت در فقه اماميه و اهل سنّت

The Rule of Arsh and Hukūmat in Shi‘i and Sunni Jurisprudences

از جمله مهم‌ترين قواعد حاكم بر ديات قاعده ارش و حكومت است كه از آن با عبارت‌هاي مختلف هم‌چون «كلّ ما لا تقدير له ففيه الارش» تعبير مي‌شود. گرچه نسبت به موارد و مصاديق ارش ميان فقهاي شيعه و سنّي و حتي بين فقهاي هر گروه، اختلاف عقيده است، امّا در اصل اين قاعده، اختلاف نيست و مي‌توان گفت اين قاعده يكي از مسلّمات فقه اسلامي و مورد اجماع فقهاي مذاهب اسلامي است. در نوشته حاضر سعي شده است پس از بررسي دقيق واژه «ارش» و واژه‌هاي مشابه آن (حكومت و اجتهاد)، مستندات اين قاعده تبيين و جايگاه آن در قانون مجازات اسلامي روشن گردد.

One of the most important rules concerning d?y?t is the rule of arsh and hok?mat (both mean a sum of blood-money to be specified by judge) to which is referred by various words such as "kullu m? l? taqd?ra f?h, faf?he al-arsh" (whatever injury there is no specific blood-money for it in the Shariʹa, it must be paid for it a sum specified by judge). There are discrepancies between the Shi‘i and Sunni jurists, as well as among the jurists of each sects themselves, as to the situations and instances of the rule; however, the rule itself is indisputable so that it can be said that it is a well-established rule of Islamic jurisprudence and there is a consensus among the jurists of all the Islamic sects on the rule. After providing an accurate explanation of the word "arsh" and similar terms (huk?mat and ijtih?d), the author tries to clarify the sources of the rule as well as its position in the Iranian Islamic Criminal Code.