پژوهشي پيرامون انديشه‌هاي فلسفي صدرالدين دشتكي شيرازي

A Study of the Philosophical Ideas of Sadr al-Din Dashtaki Shirazi

فاصله ميان خواجه نصيرالدين طوسي تا ملاصدرا را ميتوان دوره «فترت» در تاريخ فلسفه اسلامي ناميد. در اين دوره هرچند تفكر فلسفي هرگز متوقف نشد ليكن كار جديدي نيز در فلسفه صورت نگرفت و مباحث فلسفي تحت‌الشعاع عرفان نظري و كلام قرار داشت و فيلسوفان اين دوره بيشتر حاشيه‌نويس بودند تا مولف و مصنف. ظهور مكتب شيراز نقطه اميدي بود تا بذر آن در مكتب اصفهان به شكوفايي و ثمر نشيند و چنين نيز شد. شناخت مكتب اصفهان و بخصوص «حكمت صدرايي» بدون شناخت مكتب شيراز امكانپذير نيست. صدرالدين دشتكي از جمله فيلسوفان و متكلمان دوره فترت و تربيت‌ شده مكتب شيراز است كه در شكلگيري شخصيت ملاصدرا نقش اساسي داشته است. شناخت دشتكي و معاصرانش به ما كمك ميكند تا هم سير تاريخي انديشه‌هاي فلسفي در جهان اسلام و هم اثرپذيري ملاصدرا و پيروانش را بهتر بشناسيم. دشتكي فيلسوف و متكلمي خلّاق، مبدع، مبتكر، پرتلاش و خستگي‌ناپذير بود؛ گفتگوهاي وي با معاصر نامدارش- جلال‌الدين دواني- و نيز حواشي متعددي كه بر كتاب تجريد الاعتقاد علامه محقق طوسي نوشته است، گواه بر اين ادعاست. علاوه بر اين، او فيلسوف و متكلمي نقّاد بود و در مسايل عمده فلسفي-كلامي آرا و انديشه‌هاي متفكران پيش از خود را مورد نقد قرار داده است و از طريق همين روش نقادي مسايل جديدي را وارد حوزه فلسفه اسلامي كرده است، از جمله: 1)اتحاد صورت با هيولي؛ 2)اتحاد نفس و بدن؛ 3)عدم بقاي عناصر در مركبات؛ 4) در مركبات، اجزا بصورت بالقوه‌اند؛ 5)اتحاد نفس با بدن در خارج، منافي و متضّاد با تجرّد آن نميباشد. ميتوان گفت ملاصدرا در طرح مسايل اصلي و زير بنايي فلسفه خود از قبيل: اصالت وجود، حركت جوهري، نظريه تشكيك و اتحاد نفس با قواي خود، متـاثر از آرا و انديشه‌هاي صدرالدين دشتكي بوده است. در اين مقاله تلاش شده تا برخي از انديشه‌هاي فلسفي دشتكي كه در آثار حكماي پس از وي مورد بحث و مناقشه قرار گرفته، مورد بررسي و تحقيق قرار گيرد و ميزان تاثير وي بر انديشه‌هاي فيلسوفان بعدي معلوم گردد.

The time interval between Tusi and Mulla Sadra can be called the period of “intermission” in the history of Islamic philosophy. During this time, philosophical thought was never discontinued; however, no new ideas were posed in the field of philosophy, and philosophical discussions were overshadowed by theoretical gnosis and theology. The philosophers of this period were mainly commentators rather than writers. The rise of the School of Shiraz was a ray of hope for its seed to flourish and come to fruition in the School of Isfahan, which was exactly what happened. The knowledge of the School of Isfahan and, particularly, “Sadrian philosophy” is impossible without the knowledge of the School of Shiraz. Sadr al-Din Dashtaki was one of the philosophers and theologians of the intermission period who was trained in the School of Shiraz and played a significant role in the formation of Mulla Sadra’s character. The knowledge of Dashtaki and his contemporaries helps us to learn about both the process of the historical development of philosophical thoughts in the world of Islam and their influence on Mulla Sadra and his advocates. Dashtaki was an innovative philosopher and theologian and a creative and hardworking scholar who never surrendered to fatigue. His dialogs with his distinguished contemporary scholar, Jalal al-Din Dawani, as well as the numerous commentaries he wrote on Tusi’s Tajrid al-itiqad, testify to this claim. Moreover, he was a critique and criticized the main philosophical and theological ideas and thoughts of the thinkers before himself. In this way, he introduced some new problems to the field of Islamic philosophy including: 1) the unity of form with hyle, 2) the unity of the soul and body, 3) lack of subsistence of elements in composites, 4) existence of parts in the form of potency in composites, and 5) the consistency of the unity of the soul with the body in the outside. We can say that in the development of the basic principles of his philosophy, such as the principiality of existence, the trans-substantial motion, the theory of gradation and the unity of the soul with its faculties, Mulla Sadra was influenced by Sadr al-Din Dashtaki’s ideas and thoughts. In this paper, the writer has tried to discuss some of Dashtaki’s philosophical thoughts which have been debated in the works of the philosophers succeeding him so that the extent of his influence on the ideas of later philosophers comes to light.