مناسبات جنسيتي درفضاهاي روستايي و تاثير آن بر مشاركت زنان (مطالعه مقايسه‌اي دهستان مريدان شهرستان لنگرود استان گيلان و دهستان هولي شهرستان پاوه استان كرمانشاه)-

Gender relations in Rural Spaces and its Effects on Women’s participation, a Comparative Study on Moreedan Rural District of Langerud City in Gilan Province and Rural District of Hooly from Paveh city

براي درك بهتر ويژگي‌هاي روستايي به شناخت عميق‌تري از فضاي روستايي كه در آن روابط اجتماعي و مناسبات جنسيتي به‌خوبي قابل درك باشد، نياز است. مكان‌هاي روستايي همانند ديگر مكان‌هاي جغرافيايي فضاهايي به‌شدت جنسيتي هستند و تمامي رفتارها و عملكردها بازتابي از نگرش‌ها، عقايد و ديدگاه‌هاي در خصوص جايگاه و نقش‌ها و وظايف دو جنس است. پژوهش حاضر با تكيه بر تحليل جنسيتي به‌دنبال شناخت تاثير فضاهاي جغرافيايي حاكم بر روستاها بر نوع نگرش به كار زنان و مشاركت آنان است. روش به كار رفته در تحقيق، پيمايشي ـ توصيفي است و داده‌ها از طريق پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته گردآوري شده است. پايايي پرسشنامه با آلفاي كرونباخ محاسبه شد و با رقم 88/0 براي گويه‌هاي مربوط به مشاركت زنان، با رقم 93/0 براي نگرش مردان به كار زنان و با رقم 90/0 براي نگرش زنان به كار خود، مورد تاييد قرار گرفت. جامعه آماري تحقيق، زنان و مردان ساكن در روستاي دهستان مريدان از توابع شهرستان لنگرود و دهستان هولي از توابع شهرستان پاوه بوده اند. از مجموع جامعه آماري، 124 نفر از شهرستان لنگرود و 106 نفر از شهرستان پاوه انتخاب شدند. نتايج و تحليل آزمون‌ها در SPSS نشان داد كه تفاوت معني‌داري بين زنان شهرستان‌هاي لنگرود و پاوه در خصوص نگرش‌شان به حقوق اجتماعي و وظايف‌شان وجود دارد. همچنين بين نگرش مثبت زنان به خود، تمايل زنان به شركت در كلاس‌هاي آموزشي، تمايل و نگرش مثبت مردان به فعاليت زنان با متغير مشاركت زنان رابطه مثبت و معني‌داري وجود دارد. فرضيه پژوهش مبني بر تفاوت در نگرش‌هاي موجود در مورد كار و مشاركت زنان، تاييد مي‌شود.

Today, the mentality should be revised that a village is an atmosphere bounded in a special place with a set of economic and geography circumstances. A better understanding of rural features requires a deeper understanding of our rural areas where social relations and gender relations are well understood. Rural areas, like other geographic areas, are highly generized spaces and all behaviors and actions reflect attitudes, beliefs and opinions concerning the status, roles and responsibilities of both sexes. The role of women in Iran has been a relatively traditional one due to the strong cultural customs. The process of Development has caused many changes in social relations in rural areas. These changes are more significant in womenʹs role and status. Methodology This Research relies on gender analysis in order to identify the impact of geographic areas of villages on the attitude towards women and their participation. The method used in this research is descriptive-survey research and data is gathered through questionnaires. Reliability of the Questionnaire was confirmed with Cronbachʹs alpha that was calculated 0.88 for womenʹs participation, 0.93 for men’s attitudes towards womenʹs working and 0.90 for womenʹs attitudes towards their working. The statistical society were men and women living in rural villages and rural districts of Moreedan rural district of Langerood county located in the North of Iran and Hooly rural district of Paveh in Central Iran. These districts have different types of livelihood, such that Moreedan rural district of Langerood county located in the North of Iran which has an agricultural base, relies on Rice and Tea cultivation and Hooly rural district of Paveh in Central Iran has nomadism as their main livelihood. From the total statistical population, 124 family from Moreidan in Langeroud Township and 106 households from Hooly rural district in Paveh were selected randomly by Cochran Formula. With the understanding that a diversity of standpoints often exist with regard to the effects of a geographical space, an effort was made to capture input from a broad range of places and groups, including villagers of varied ages and both genders, and with different occupations, concerning attitudes towards womenʹs participation. In addition, many informal interviews and discussions were held with the residents concerning their feelings about womenʹs participation and their status in the family and the society. In addition, on-site observations were conducted of peopleʹs daily activities. The overall purpose of the research was to elicit the attitudes of rural communities towards a variety of issues related to their opinion about womenʹs duties and rights and their experience of involvement in economic and social activities. The questionnaire was primarily based upon a 64 item, 5-point Likert scale, which addressed the following themes linked to the alleged challenges of gender relations: _ Attitudes towards gender duties and rights and their relationship with the involvement of rural women in rural activities, _ Explore the effect of the geographical factor on the community’s attitudes towards womenʹs participation in economic and social activities, _ The relationship between womenʹs self consciousness and their motivation for attending the skill training classes and also between men’s willingness for womenʹs participation in different activities in rural areas, and _ The relevance of the cultural and socio-economic factors in successful participation of women in the two different geographical spaces. Results Test results and analysis in SPSS showed that there is a significant difference between womenʹs attitudes in Langerood and Paveh towards their social rights and duties. Also there is a significant positive relationship between positive attitudes of women towards themselves, Women’s willingness to participate in training classes, willingness and positive attitude of men towards women with the Variable of women’s participation. In addition, a significant difference between the positive attitudes of men towards women’s activities in the two cities was seen and this leads to a significant difference in womenʹs participation in social and economic activities in Moreedan and Hooly rural districts. Conclusion So we can conclude that the positive opinion of men about womenʹs duties and rights as well as the worth of their daily work has a great effect on successful participation and partnership of women in the rural areas. Thus we suggest that for all gender-based programs, it is necessary to prepare the rural space and change the gender relations through training and improve men’s awareness. Considering the geographical differences between the studied areas leading to two different types of livelihood, the hypothesis of this study based on differences in attitudes towards women’s participation and work was confirmed.