آيا خداوند ماهيت دارد؟

Does God have whatness?

مساله اثبات يا نفي ماهيّت بالمعني الاخص، براي واجب الوجود، جزو مسايل مهم و تاثيرگذار در مباحث خداشناسي فلسفي است. در اين مساله دو ديدگاه عمده وجود دارد. يكم. فخر رازي معتقد است كه واجب الوجود ماهيّت دارد و عروض وجودش بر ماهيّت او، عروض خارجي است. دوم. در مقابل، مشهور فلاسفه معتقدند كه واجب الوجود ماهيّت بالمعني الاخص ندارد. طرفداران هر كدام از اين دو ديدگاه به دلايلي تمسّك نموده‏اند. ديدگاه برگزيده در مساله اين است كه اولاً: دلايل فخر رازي براي اثبات ماهيّت داري واجب الوجود و نيز غالب دلايل فلاسفه براي اثبات ماهيّت نداشتنِ واجب الوجود، تمام نيست؛ ثانياً: لازم است بين دو تفسير ماهيّت بالمعني الاخص، تفصيل داده شود. به اين صورت كه ماهيّت بالمعني الاخص با تفسير حد وجود، براي واجب الوجود ثابت نيست، لكن با تفسير حكايت وجود، براي واجب الوجود ثابت است. اثبات يا نفي ماهيّت بالمعني الاخص براي واجب الوجود، با بسياري از مسايل خداشناسي از جمله مساله نفي تركيب از واجب الوجود رابطه تنگاتنگي دارد. آنچه در اين نوشتار مي‏آيد تبيين و تحليل اين مساله از ديدگاه فخر رازي و نيز از ديدگاه مشهور فلاسفه، همراه بررسي دلايل هر كدام مي باشد. همچنين ديدگاه برگزيده نيز تبيين و توجيه شده است و در انتها به بررسي اين مساله از ديدگاه روايات پرداخته شده است.

The problem of proving or neglecting the whatness –in its particular meaning- for the necessary being is one of the important and effective issues in the discussions of the philosophical theology. There are two main views in this issue; First: Fakhr al-Razi believes that necessary being has the whatness and the occurrence of his existence on his whatness is an external occurrence. Second: In contrast with al-Razi, the majority of philosophers believe that the necessary being does not have the whatness in its particular meaning. The followers of each of these two views have restored to some reasons. The adopted view in this issue is that: firstly : fakhr al-Razi’s reason to prove that the necessary being has the whatness and also the most reasons of the philosophers proving that God dose not have whatness are not sufficient. Secondly, it is necessary to distinguish between the two interpretations of whatness in its particular meaning in the way that whatness in its particular meaning is not affirmed for the necessary being when it is interpreted as the border of the existence but it is affirmed for the necessary being when it is interpreted as the expresser of the existence. The issue of affirmation or negation of whatness in its particular meaning for the necessary being has a tight relationship with many issues of theology from which is the issue of negation of compilation from the necessary being. What has brought in this writing is the explanation and analysis of this issue from the view point of fakhr al-Razi and also the view point of majority of the philosophers, accompanied with the analysis of each of them. Also the adopted view has been explained and justified and finally this issue has been studied from the perspective of the Islamic narrations. Keywords: necessary being, Whatness, boundary of existence, expressing an existence.