فرصت ها و چالش هاي حكمروايي كلانشهري خوب در عصر جهاني شدن

Opportunities and challenges of Good Metropolitan Governance in the Globalization Era

جهاني شدن، ابعاد، آثار و پيامدهاي آن به عنوان يكي از مهم ترين حوزه هاي فعاليت پژوهشگران و دانشوران عصر حاضر، بيش از سه دهه است كه در حوزه هاي مختلف موضوعي و سطوح و مقياس هاي مختلف با شهر، به كانون بحث هاي محققان علوم شهري بدل شده است. در چنين شرايطي، جهانشمولي پديده شهرنشيني در جهان از يكسو و ورود بحث جهاني شدن به علوم شهري از سوي ديگر، موجب شكل گيري پاسخ-ها و نظريات جديدي در حوزه هاي مختلف سياستگذاري شهري شده است. مقاله حاضر، به منظور بهره مندي شهر- منطقه ها از مزاياي مثبت جهاني شدن و كاهش اثرات منفي آن، به ضرورت تجديد ساختار در نظام حكمروايي شهر- منطقه ها در عصرجهاني شدن تاكيد دارد. از اين رو، چارچوبي مبتني بر حكمروايي كلانشهري خوب پيشنهاد شده است كه پيگيري چهار اصل هنجاري 1- ارتقاي سطح رقابت پذيري شهري، 2-نقش آفريني فعال در حوزه ديپلماسي شهري و حكمروايي جهاني، 3- ارتقاي سطح زيست پذيري و عدالت فضايي و 4-حكمروايي كلانشهري خوب و يكپارچه را مبتني بر مجموعه اي از رويكردهاي نظري پشتيبان به منظور توفيق حكمروايي كلانشهري در عصر جهاني شدن ضروري مي شمارد. در پايان، اين مقاله به فرصت ها، چالش ها و دستاوردهاي محتملِ استقرار چارچوب پيشنهادي حكمروايي كلانشهري خوب درشهر- منطقه تهران اشاره دارد.

Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic activity. The aspects of globalization can be classified in four dimensions: social and cultural globalization, economic globalization on, political globalization and globalization of law. A review of recent urban and regional studies shows that these studies has affected from globalization literature in past three decades after the universal use of global/world city term. At this situation, world-wide urbanization and emergence of city-regions and other types of urban settlements- like metropolis, megalopolis, mega cities, etc.- has formed new types of governance frameworks for city-regions that has been called metropolitan governance. The review of metropolitan governance models show the diversity and variety of these models. This paper classifies the effects of globalization on metropolitan governance in four aspects: 1-emergence of new local and global actors and new types of political participation, 2-evoloution in urban governance in the shadows of urban competitiveness, 3-increasing importance of restructuring and rescaling in territorial governance and 4- importance of sustainable development with a focus on urban livability and spatial justice. According to this, present paper suggests a framework for good metropolitan governance in the globalization era. The Basis of this framework has found on four principles: 1-to increase urban competitiveness, 2-to play an active and effective role in city diplomacy and global governance, 3-to enhance livability and spatial justice level and 4-integrated and good governance. This paper focuses on restrictions and limitations that Tehran faces in globalization era. The paper also describes the crucial challenges of Tehran Metropolitan Region arrangements for governance (political and functional fragmentation) and attempts that have carried out for coping with those challenges.It shows that Tehran with a population of about 12 million is one of important capitals in the Middle East and has a dominant role in national transactions but it has recognized as a non-global city. Different studies confirm this too. With the criteria of GAWC Research group Tehran has minimal evidence of world city formation but it is not a global city. Also Tehran has classified as a member of "black holes" and it in the typology of non-global cities as a "resisting city" .Also some studies show that Tehran has not started globalization process and as the process develops, Tehran more and more stays behind it. Finally the paper focuses on opportunities and challenges of good metropolitan governance in Tehran in the globalization era. The paper shows that because of the resistance and unwillingness of Iran central government to play a more active role in the global domain, policy making to achieve a better situation for Tehran in the global system has been ignored for years. This paper describes that even non-global cities need a clear and integratedurban governance strategy to play a more effective role in global era to maximize the positive effects and minimize the negative impacts of globalization. Because of this, the papers offer that Tehran should follow the suggested framework for good metropolitan governance.