ماهيت نشانه‌ها و نقش آن در ارتقا حس‌مكان فضاي معماري

The Nature of Signs and Their Role in Enhancement of Sense of Place in Architectural Spaces

از آنجايي‌كه توجه بيش‌از‌حد به عملكرد در ديدگاه مدرن بسياري از وجوه ادراكي فضاهاي معماري را در ارتباط با مخاطب كمرنگ كرده‌است، خلا معنا بيش‌از‌پيش در جوامع امروز خودنمايي مي‌كند. پست‌مدرن نيز كه درپي برطرف‌نمودن اين نقيصه ديدگاه مدرن پديد آمد، با توجه مفرط به جنبه كالبدي معاني، نتوانست نگاهي جامع‌ درجهت مكانمند كردن فضاهاي معماري ارايه دهد. بررسي عوامل معناساز راهي موثر در القا احساس آشنايي نسبت به فضاي معماري است و استفاده از اصول علم نشانه‌شناسي از بهترين راهكارها در بررسي چگونگي معنا‌دهي به فضا به‌شمار مي‌آيد. اصول نشانه‌شناسي كه در بسياري از علوم ادراكي ريشه دارد، باتكيه بر مفهوم دلالت موجب ارتباط هرچه‌بهتر مخاطب با فضاي معماري مي‌شود. بنابراين بررسي عوامل نشانگي كه وجوه مختلف كاربردي، ساختاري و معنايي را بطور همزمان در شكل‌دهي فضاي معماري درنظر مي‌گيرد، مي‌تواند گامي در جهت معنابخشي به فضا و ايجاد حس‌مكان در مخاطب باشد. اين تحقيق به بررسي نقش نشانه‌ها در ادراك مفاهيم معنايي و نقش آن در ارتقا حس‌مكان مي‌پردازد. از اين‌رو، پس‌از بررسي ويژگي‌هاي مختلف نشانه با ديدگاهي ساختارگرايانه، به مطالعه ماهيت نشانه‌ها در معماري و نحوه ادراك مفاهيم نشانه‌شناسانه پرداخته شده است. از آنجايي كه "حس‌مكان" به‌عنوان يكي از مهم ترين معيارهاي كيفيت معنايي فضاي‌معماري مطرح است، چگونگي تاثير معاني نمادين بر حس‌مكان از ديدگاه پديدارشناسي بررسي شده‌است.

Since the excess attention to the performance in the modern view has faded out many aspects of cognitive architecture in relation with the audience, the loss of meaning in society today became more important. The postmodern perspective, which was emerged to cover the shortcomings of modern view, due to its excessive attention to the physical aspects of semantics, failed to provide a comprehensive view to give a sense of Place to the architectural places. Also, the quantitative development of human societies and facility and physical space expansion, caused meaning requirements in physical spaces. Therefore, the quality of spaces and conceptual and mental properties which creates the meaning of spaces has been attracted designers and managers. Cognitive signs enhance the relationship between audience and architectural space; and bring the sense of belonging to the place. Studying the defining factors is an efficient way to induce a feeling of familiarity to architectural space and the use of semiotics principles is one of the best solutions on how to make spaces meaningful. With presentation of the concept of “Death of the Author”, knowing the perception of signs as a creative issue, the importance of the semiotic in art and architecture become more and more evident. Nowadays, architecture as an intersection of art and science, with the goal of improving the quality of places, is widely deal with the ideas complicated issues of semiotic. Concepts such as visualization, interpretation and hermeneutics, design etc. which are the outcomes of semiotic science in different field of art, has a great impact in explanation of architectural issues. Since signs, include meanings due to the connotation between signifier and signified, they can play an important role in sense of place of architectural space and enhancement of the quality space and its conversion to a favored place. Constructional and social semiotic designers emphasize on the text signs. Regarding this approach, signs which are influenced by culture, society, religion, or any other psychological signs, are effective in visualization and receiving the concepts of any places. Semiotics principles of cognitive science which is rooted in many cognitive sciences, relying on the concept of connotation causes the relationship between architectural spaces with the audience. So the different aspects of the syndrome of functional, structural and semantic are considered simultaneously in the form of architectural space, can step in and make space meaningful and create the sense of place for the audience. This study examines the role of signs in the perception of architectural space and its role in improving semantic concepts of sense of place. Thus, after studying the various features of the sign with the structuralist view, the nature of symbols in architecture and how it relates to the architecture and the way of perception of concepts is studied. Since the "sense of Place" is one of the most important criteria of the quality of the architectural space, the role of the symbolic meanings in creating the sense of place has been investigated with the phenomenological approach.